Altium Designer设计演示教程

Welcome to the world of electronic product development in Altium's world-class electronic design software. This tutorial will help you get started by taking you through the entire process of designing a simple PCB - from idea to outputs files. If you are new to Altium software then it is worth reading the Exploring Altium Designer page to learn more about the interface, information on how to use panels, and an overview of managing design documents.

The Design

The design you will be capturing and then designing a printed circuit board (PCB) for is a simple astable multivibrator. The circuit is shown below, it uses two general purpose NPN transistors configured as a self-running astable multivibrator.

Circuit for the multivibrator.

You're ready to begin capturing (drawing) the schematic. The first step is to create a PCB project.

Creating a New PCB Project

Main article: New Project

In Altium's software, a PCB project is the set of design documents (files) required to specify and manufacture a printed circuit board. The project file, for example Multivibrator.PrjPCB, is an ASCII file that lists which documents are in the project, as well as other project-level settings, such as the required electrical rule checks, project preferences, and project outputs, such as print and CAM settings.

A new project is created in the New Project dialog, as shown below.

Create the new PCB project in the required location.

Creating a new project:

1. Select File » New » Project from the menus, the New Project dialog will open.
2. Note the list of available Project Types, select PCB Project if it is not selected.
3. Available templates are listed in the Project Templates column, choose <Default>.
4. In the Name field, enter Multivibrator. There is no need to add the file extension, this will be added automatically.
5. Enable the Create Project Folder option, this will create a sub-folder below the folder specified in the Location field, with the same name as the project.
6. In the Location field, type in a suitable location to save the project files, or click Browse to navigate to the required folder.
7. Click OK to close the dialog and create the project file in the specified location.
8. The new project will appear in the Projects panel. If this panel is not displayed, click the button at the bottom right of the main design window, and select Files from the menu that appears.

Enabling the Add Project to Version Control option will result in the project's source files being stored in an available SVN repository (click Managed Repositories), and check out the working copies into the folder specified in the Location field. To learn more about version control support, refer to the Version Control and Design Repositories article.

If the Managed Project option is enabled, the source files are stored stored in an available SVN repository and the project outputs are stored in an available Altium Vault. To learn more about Managed Projects, refer to the article, The Managed Project and Releasing the Design.

These features will not be used for this tutorial.

Adding a Schematic to the Project

The next step is to add a new schematic sheet to the project.

Add a schematic sheet to the project, name and save the schematic, and save the project.

Adding a schematic:

1. Right-click on the project filename in the Projects panel, and select Add New to Project » Schematic. A blank schematic sheet named Sheet1.SchDoc will open in the design window and an icon for this schematic will appear linked to the project in the Projects panel, under the Source Documents folder icon.
2. To save the new schematic sheet, select File » Save As. The Save As dialog will open, ready to save the schematic in the same location as the project file. Type the name Multivibrator in the File Name field and click Save. Note that files stored in the same folder as the project file itself (or in a child/grandchild folder) are linked to the project using relative referencing, whereas files stored in a different location are linked using absolute referencing.
3. Since you have added a schematic to the project, the project file has changed too. Right-click on the project filename in the Projects panel, and select Save Project to save the project.

Setting the Document Options

Main article: Document Options

Before you start drawing your circuit, is is worth setting up the appropriate document options, including the Sheet Size, and the Snap and Visible grids.

Document options are configured for each schematic sheet, set the sheet size as required.

Configuring the Document Options:

1. From the menus, choose Design » Document Options to open the Document Options dialog.
2. For this tutorial, the only change we need to make here is to set the sheet size to A4, this is done in the Standard Styles field of the Sheet Options tab of the dialog.
3. Confirm that both the Snap and Visible Grids are set to 10.
4. Click OK to close the dialog and update the sheet size.
5. To make the document fill the viewing area, select View » Fit Document (shortcut: V, D).
6. Save the schematic by selecting File » Save (shortcut: F, S).

Components and Libraries in Altium Designer

Related article: More about Components and Libraries

The real-world component that gets mounted on the board is represented as a schematic symbol during design capture, and as a PCB footprint for board design. Altium Designer components can be:

• created in and placed from local libraries, or
• placed directly from the Altium Content Vault, a globally accessible component storage system that contains thousands of components, each with a symbol, footprint, component parameters and links to suppliers.

The following component storage options can be used in Altium Designer:

Library Type	Function
Schematic Library	Schematic component symbols are created in schematic libraries (*.SchLib), which are stored locally. Each symbol can become a component by adding links to a PCB footprint, then adding component parameters to detail the component's specifications.
PCB Library	PCB footprints (models) are stored in PCB libraries (*.PcbLib), which are stored locally. The footprint includes the electrical elements, such as the pads, as well as the mechanical elements, such as the component overlay, dimensions, glue dots, and so on. It can also include a 3D definition, created by placing 3D Body objects, or by importing a STEP model.
Library Package / Integrated Library	As well as working directly from the schematic and PCB libraries, you can also compile the component elements into an integrated library (*.IntLib, stored locally). Doing this results in a single, portable library which holds all the models and symbols. An integrated library is compiled from a Library package (*.LibPkg), which is essentially a special-purpose project file, with the source schematic (*.SchLib) and PCB libraries (*.PcbLib) added to it as source documents. As part of the compilation process, you can also check for potential problems, such as missing models and mismatches between schematic pins and PCB pads.
Altium Content Vault	The Content Vault is much more than a library. Components are stored in the cloud, accessible from anywhere that has internet access. Content Vault components include: symbol, footprint(s), component parameters, and links to suppliers. They are organized into folders - by manufacturer, or by package type for generics.

Accessing Components

Components are accessed through the:

• Libraries panel for local library components; or through the
• Vaults panel for Content Vault components.

Both of these panels can be accessed via the System menu, click the  button down the bottom right of the application to display the menu.

The menus provides quick access to the panels.

The two panels that are used to access components are shown below.

  
Access components through either: the Libraries panel, or the Vaults panel.

Making Libraries Available to Access the Components

Main article: Available Libraries

In Altium Designer, library-based components can be placed from Available Libraries. The libraries that are available include:

• Libraries in the current project - if a library is part of the project, then the components in it are automatically available for placement within that project.
• Installed libraries - these are libraries that have been installed in Altium Designer, their components are available for use in any open project.

Libraries are installed in the Installed tab of the Available Libraries dialog. To open the dialog, click the Libraries button at the top of the Libraries panel. If the panel is not currently visible, click System » Libraries to display it.

Install the required libraries to make their components available for designs.

Finding a Component in Libraries

To help you find the component you need, Altium Designer includes powerful library searching capabilities. Although there are components that are suitable for the multivibrator design available in the pre-installed libraries, it is useful to know how to use the search feature to find components.

The Libraries Search dialog is accessed by clicking the Search button on the Libraries panel. The upper half of the dialog is used to define what you are searching for, the lower half is used to define where to search.

The Scope of the search can be in the libraries that are:

• already installed (Available libraries), or
• in libraries located in on the hard drive (Libraries on Path).

Search for the component using the Libraries Search dialog. You can search across installed libraries (Available libraries), or libraries on the hard drive (Libraries on path).

If you are working from libraries, the first step is to search for a suitable general-purpose NPN transistor, such as a 2N3904. The tutorial components are going to be placed from the Vault, which is discussed shortly.

Searching through libraries:

1. If it is not visible, display the Libraries panel (System » Libraries).
2. Press the Search button in the Libraries panel to open the Libraries Search dialog, as shown above.
3. Ensure that the dialog options are set as follows:
   • For the first Filter row, the Field is set to Name, the Operator set to contains, and the Value is 3904.
   • The Scope is set to Search in Components, and Libraries on path.
   • The Path is set to point to the installed Altium libraries, which will be something like C:\Users\Public\Documents\Altium\Altium Designer <Version>\Library.
4. Click the Search button to begin the search. The Query Results are displayed in the Libraries panel as the search takes place - there should be one component found, as shown in the image below.
5. You can only place components from Libraries that are installed in the software, if you attempt to place from a library that is not currently installed you will be asked to Confirm the installation of that library when you attempt to place the component.

Library searching is actually performed using queries. In the Libraries Search dialog, switch to the Advanced mode to examine the query. The query generated by your search configuration should be (Name LIKE '*3904*'), if it is not, type this string in and click Search again.

Locating a Component in an Available Library

Libraries that are already installed are listed in the drop down at the top of the panel, click to select a library and display the components stored in it. Select the Miscellaneous Devices library from the list, then use the component Filter in the panel to locate the required 2N3904 component within the library (as shown in the image below). Since the Miscellaneous Devices library is already installed, this component is ready to place. Do not place it though, instead you will use a transistor from the Altium Content Vault.

Filtering the library for components with the string 3904 somewhere in their name.

Making the Content Vault Available to Access Components

Main article: Data Management - Vaults

The Altium Content Vault is completely separate from the installed Altium Designer software. To access the components in the Content Vault, you must first connect to it. This is done by clicking the Add Altium Content Vault button in the Data Management - Vaults page of the Preferences dialog.

Once you have connected to the Altium Content Vault, you can place components from the Vault into your design.

Finding a Component in the Content Vault

Related article: Vaults panel

Once you have connected to the Altium Content Vault, you can explore or search for a component. This is done in the Vaults panel, select DXP » Vault Explorer to display the panel. The panel includes a powerful search feature, enter the search string into the search field at the top-right of the panel, as shown in the image below.

Searching for the general-purpose transistor BC547 in the Altium Content Vault. Click to examine a component of interest.

Working in the Vaults Panel

The Vaults panel includes a number of sections, which can be resized as required. Take some time to explore the features and behavior of the panel, right-click for context-specific commands.

Use the Preview mode to examine the models and parameters included with the selected component.

• Components are organized in folders, use the Vaults Folders section on the left of the panel to browse through the folders - click the Folders tab down the bottom to display them.
• There is a large number of components stored in the Altium Content Vault, it can be more efficient to search, as just described.
• The lower region of the panel has a number of display modes, including: Summary, Supply Chain, Where-used, and Preview. Use the down-arrow icon to select the required mode, as shown in the image above.
• To see which folder a found component is stored in, right-click on the component and select the Navigate To command.
• Use the  button at the top-right of the panel to return to the search results.

Placing Components on the Schematic

Components are placed from the Libraries or Vaults panel onto the current schematic sheet. This can be done by:

From the Libraries Panel

Main article: Libraries Panel

• Clicking the Place button - the component appears floating on the cursor, position it and click to place.
• Double-clicking - double-click the component in the list of components in the panel, the component appears floating on the cursor, position it and click to place.
• Click and drag - click and drag the component onto this sheet, this mode requires that the cursor is held down, the component is placed when the cursor is released.

From the Vaults Panel

Main article: Vaults Panel

• Right-click on the component and select Place, the component appears floating on the cursor, position it and click to place. Note that if the Vaults panel is floating over the workspace, it will fade to allow you to see the schematic and place the component.
• Click and drag - click and drag the component from the Vaults panel and drop it onto the schematic. This mode requires that the cursor is held down, the component is placed when the cursor is released. Depending on the speed of your internet connection, there may be a brief delay before the component is placed.

Multivibrator Parts

The next step is to search the Content Vault for the following componentsto use in the Multivibrator circuit.

Designator	Description	Vault Item-Revision or Library Component Name	Comments
Q1, Q2	General purpose NPN transistor, eg BC547 or 2N3904	CMP-1048-01437-1	searched Vault for BC547, chose the first one
R1, R2	100K resistor, 5%, 0805	CMP-1013-00122-1	searched Vault for 100K 5% 0805
R3, R4	1K resistor, 5%, 0805	CMP-1013-00074-1	searched Vault for 1K 5% 0805, note that search also returns 1K3, 1K8, etc
C1, C2	22nF capacitor, 10%, 16V, 0805	CMP-1036-04042-1	searched Vault for 22nF 16V 0805
P1	2-pin header, thruhole	CMP-1024-00327-1	searched Vault for header, 2-pin, vertical

Once you have placed the components, the schematic should look like the image below.

You can proceed to find and place the components. Note that the collapsible sections below include tips on editing during placement, which is more efficient. If you choose to leave the editing until after the components are placed, double-click on a component to edit it.

All the components have been placed, ready for wiring.

Finding and Placing the Transistors:

1. Select View » Fit Document (shortcut: V, D) to ensure your schematic sheet takes up the full window.
2. Using the search techniques just described, use the Vault panel to search and locate the transistor, BC547.
3. When you search the Vault, it will first cluster the results to show the folders that contains possible components. For the transistor search, all results are in the same folder, named General Purpose Transistors. Click the hyperlink to open the search results for that folder, then click the first Item, CMP-1048-01437-1.
4. That component will be presented in the Vaults panel, where you can display the Preview down the bottom and examine the symbol, footprint and component parameters (you might need to resize the lower section to display all of the Preview content).

5. Right-click on the transistor's Item-Revision number to display the context menu (as shown above), then select Place CMP-1048-01437-1 from the menu. The cursor will change to a cross hair and you will have an image of the transistor floating on your cursor. You are now in part placement mode. If you move the cursor around, the transistor will move with it.

Do not place the transistor yet!

6. Before placing the part on the schematic you can edit its properties - which can be done for any object floating on the cursor. While the transistor is still floating on the cursor, press the Tab key to open the Component Properties dialog. You can now set up the dialog options to appear as below.

Set the Designator to Q1, and the Comment to be Visible.

7. In the Properties section of the dialog, type in the Designator Q1.
8. Confirm that the Visible checkbox for the Comment field is enabled.
9. Leave all other fields at their default values, and click OK to close the dialog.
10. Move the cursor, with the transistor symbol attached, to position the transistor a little to the left of the middle of the sheet. Note the current snap grid, it is displayed on the left of the Status bar down the bottom of the application. It defaults to 10, you can press the G shortcut to cycle through the available grid settings during object placement. It is strongly advised to keep the snap grid at 10 or 5, to keep the circuit neat, and make it easy to attach wires to pins. For a simple design such as this, 10 is a good choice.
11. Once you are happy with the transistor's position, left mouse click or press Enter on the keyboard to place the transistor onto the schematic.
12. Move the cursor and you will find that a copy of the transistor has been placed on the schematic sheet, but you are still in part placement mode with the part outline floating on the cursor. This feature allows you to place multiple parts of the same type.
13. You are ready to place the second transistor. This transistor is the same as the previous one, so there is no need to edit its attributes before you place it. The software will automatically increment the component designator when you place multiple instances of the same part. In this case, the next transistor will automatically be designated Q2.
14. If you refer to the schematic diagram shown before, you will notice that Q2 is drawn as a mirror of Q1. To horizontally flip the orientation of the transistor floating on the cursor, press the X key on the keyboard. This flips the component along the X axis.
15. Move the cursor to position the part to the right of Q1. To position the component more accurately, press the PgUp key twice to zoom in two steps. You should now be able to see the grid lines.
16. Once you have positioned the part, left mouse click or press Enter to place Q2. Once again a copy of the transistor you are "holding" will be placed on the schematic, and the next transistor will be floating on the cursor ready to be placed.
17. Since all the transistors have been placed, exit part placement mode by clicking the Right Mouse Button or pressing the ESC key. The cursor will revert back to a standard arrow.

Finding and Placing the Resistors:

1. Using the search techniques just described, search for a suitable 100K 5% 0805 resistor in the Vaults panel. The search should return the Item-Revision CMP-1013-00122-1.
2. Right-click on the resistor's Item-Revision number to display the context menu, then select Place CMP-1013-00122-1 from the menu.
3. While the resistor is still floating on the cursor, press the Tab key to open the Component Properties dialog.
4. In the Properties section of the dialog, type in the Designator R1.
5. Confirm that the Visible checkbox for the Comment field is enabled.
6. Ensure that the footprint Model is set to RESC0805(2012)_N. Using the dropdown next to the Model name you will see that there are 3 footprint models attached to this component, IPC Low Density (_M), IPC Medium Density (_N) & IPC High Density (_L). The footprint selected here will be transferred to the PCB during design synchronization.
7. Leave all other fields at their default values and click OK to close the dialog, the resistor will be floating on the cursor.
8. Press the Spacebar to rotate the component in 90° increments, until it has the correct orientation.
9. Position the resistor above and to the left of the base of Q1 (refer to the schematic diagram shown earlier) and click the Left Mouse Button or press Enter to place the part.
10. Next place the other 100k resistor, R2, above and to the right of the base of Q2. The designator will automatically increment when you place the second resistor.
11. Exit part placement mode by clicking the Right Mouse Button or pressing the ESC key. The cursor will revert back to a standard arrow.
12. The remaining two resistors, R3 and R4, have a value of 1K, search for a suitable 1K 5% 0805 resistor in the Vaults panel.
13. This search will return all resistors whose values start with 1K, including 1K1, 1K2, 1K3, and so on. Using the Description column in the Vaults panel to help locate the 1K resistor, click in the search results to open the 1K 5% 0805 resistor, then right-click and Place CMP-1013-00074-1. 
14. Using the steps just given, set the Designator to R3, confirm that the Comment field is displayed, and set the footprint Model to RESC0805(2012)_N.
15. Position and place R3 directly above the Collector of Q1, then place R4 directly above the Collector or Q2, as shown in the image above.
16. Right-click or press ESC to exit part placement mode.

Finding and Placing the Capacitors:

1. Return to the Vaults panel, and search for a suitable 22nF 16V 0805 capacitor. The search will return a number of potential capacitors, click on Item CMP-1036-04042-1 to use in this design.
2. Right-click on the capacitor's Item-Revision number and select Place CMP-1036-04042-1 from the menu.
3. While the capacitor is still floating on the cursor, press the Tab key to open the Component Properties dialog.
4. In the Properties section of the dialog, type in the Designator C1.
5. Confirm that the Visible checkbox for the Comment field is enabled.
6. Ensure that the footprint Model is set to CAPC0805(2012)145_N.
7. Leave all other fields at their default values and click OK to close the dialog, the capacitor will be floating on the cursor.
8. Press the Spacebar to rotate the component in 90° increments, until it has the correct orientation.
9. Position the capacitor above the transistors but below the resistors (refer to the schematic diagram shown earlier) and click the Left Mouse Button or press Enter to place the part.
10. Position and place capacitor C2.
11. Right-click or press Esc to exit placement mode.

Finding and Placing the Connector:

1. Return to the Vaults panel, and search for header, 2-pin, vertical to locate a suitable connector. The search will return a number of potential terminal strips, some with 0.1" pitch, some with 2mm pitch, as shown by the text in the Path column.
2. Using the Path information to help, click on the Terminal Strips results that are in the \.100-inch Square Post Vault folder.
3. The search results list will change to show the 9 suitable headers that are in that folder. From the Description column you will see that some are low profile, one is a press fit, and four are standard through-hole headers.
4. From those that are standard through-hole headers, select CMP-1024-00327-1 from the list to jump to that Vault component.
5. Right-click on the header's Item-Revision number and select Place CMP-1024-00327-1 from the menu.
6. While the header is floating on the cursor, press Tab to edit the attributes and set Designator to P1.
7. Before placing the header, press Spacebar to rotate it to the correct orientation. Click to place the connector on the schematic, as shown in the image above.
8. Right-click or press ESC to exit part placement mode.
9. Save your schematic (shortcut: F, S).

You have now placed all the components. Note that the components shown in the image above are spaced so that there is plenty of room to wire to each component pin. This is important because you can not place a wire across the bottom of a pin to get to a pin beyond it. If you do, both pins will connect to the wire. If you need to move a component, click-and-hold on the body of the component, then drag the mouse to reposition it.

Wiring up the Circuit

Wiring is the process of creating connectivity between the various components of your circuit. To wire up your schematic, refer to the sketch of the circuit and the animation shown below.

Use the Wiring tool to wire up your circuit, towards the end of the animation you can see how wires can be dragged.

Wiring the schematic:

1. To make sure you have a good view of the schematic sheet, press the PgUp key to zoom in or PgDn to zoom out. Alternatively, hold down the Ctrl key and roll the mouse wheel to zoom in/out, or hold Ctrl + Right Mouse button down and drag the mouse up/down to zoom in/out. There are also a number of useful View commands in the right-click View submenu, such as Fit All Objects (Ctrl+PgDn).
2. Firstly, wire the lower pin of resistor R1 to the base of transistor Q1 in the following manner. Click the button (Place » Wire) to enter the wire placement mode. The cursor will change to a cross hair.
3. Position the cursor over the bottom end of R1. When you are in the right position, a red connection marker (large cross) will appear at the cursor location. This indicates that the cursor is over a valid electrical connection point on the component.
4. Click the Left Mouse Button or press Enter to anchor the first wire point. Move the cursor and you will see a wire extend from the cursor position back to the anchor point.
5. Position the cursor over the base of Q1 until you see the cursor change to a red connection marker. If the wire is forming a corner in the wrong direction, press Spacebar to toggle the corner direction.
6. Click or press Enter to connect the wire to the base of Q1. The cursor will release from that wire.
7. Note that the cursor remains a cross hair, indicating that you are ready to place another wire. To exit placement mode completely and go back to the arrow cursor, you would Right-Click or press ESC again - but don't do this just now.
8. Next wire from the lower pin of R3 to the collector of Q1. Position the cursor over the lower pin of R3 and click or press Enter to start a new wire. Move the cursor vertically till it is over the collector of Q1, and click or press Enter to place the wire segment. Again the cursor will release from that wire, and you remain in wiring mode, ready to place another wire.
9. Wire up the rest of your circuit, as shown in the animation above.
10. When you have finished placing all the wires, right-click or press ESC to exit placement mode. The cursor will revert to an arrow.

Nets and Net Labels

Each set of component pins that you have connected to each other now form what is referred to as a net. For example, one net includes the base of Q1, one pin of R1 and one pin of C1. Each net is automatically assigned a system-generated name, which is based on one of the component pins in that net.

To make it easy to identify important nets in the design, you can add Net Labels to assign names. For the multivibrator circuit, you will label the 12V and GND nets in the circuit, as shown below.

Net Labels have been added to the 12V and GND nets, completing the schematic.

Adding net labels:

1. Click the  button (Place » Net Label). A net label will appear floating on the cursor.
2. To edit the net label before it is placed, press Tab key to open the Net Label dialog.
3. Type 12V in the Net field, then click OK to close the dialog.
4. Place the net label so that the bottom left corner of the net label touches the upper most wire on the schematic, as shown in the image below. The cursor will change to a red cross when the net label is correctly positioned to connect to the wire. If the cross is light grey, it means there will not be a valid connection made.

 
The net label in free space (left image) and positioned over a wire (right image), note the red cross.

5. After placing the first net label you will still be in net label placement mode, so press the Tab key again to edit the second net label before placing it.
6. Type GND in the Net field and click OK to close the dialog.
7. Place the net label so that the bottom left of the net label touches the lower most wire on the schematic (as shown in the image below). Right-click or press ESC to exit net label placement mode.
8. Save your circuit, and the project as well.

Setting Up Project Options

Project-specific settings are configured in the Options for PCB Project dialog, shown below (Project » Project Options). The project options include the error checking parameters, a connectivity matrix, Class Generator, the Comparator setup, ECO generation, output paths and connectivity options, Multi-Channel naming formats, Default Print setups, Search Paths, and project-level Parameters. These settings are used when you compile the project.

Project outputs, such as assembly, fabrication outputs and reports can be set up from the File and Reports menus. These settings are also stored in the Project file so they are always available for this project. An alternate approach is to use an OutputJob file to configure the outputs, with the advantage that an OutputJob can be copied from one project to the next. See More About Outputs to learn more configuring the outputs.

Checking the Electrical Properties of Your Schematic

Schematic diagrams are more than just simple drawings - they contain electrical connectivity information about the circuit. You can use this connectivity awareness to verify your design. When you compile a project, the software checks for errors according to the rules set up in the Error Reporting and Connection Matrix tabs of the Options for Project dialog. When you compile the project any violations that are detected will display in the Messages panel.

Setting up the Error Reporting

Main article: Error Reporting

The Error Reporting tab in the Options for Project dialog is used to set up a large range of drafting and component configuration checks. The Report Mode settings show the level of severity of a violation. If you wish to change a setting, click on a Report Mode next to the violation you wish to change and choose the level of severity from the drop-down list.

For this tutorial there is one check that must be changed. The components in the tutorial have been placed from an Altium Vault, and Vault components support the concept of revisions - where a component can be updated and a new revision released. However, the components in the Altium Content Vault are not revisioned, so will fail the Inapplicable Revision State check. For the tutorial, this check must be set to No Report, as shown in the image below.

Configure the Error Reporting tab to detect for design errors when the project is compiled.

Configuring the Error Checking:

1. Scroll through the list of error checks to the Violations Associated with Components group.
2. Locate the Inapplicable Revision State check and set it to No Report, as shown above.

Setting Up the Connection Matrix

Main article: Connection Martix

When the design is compiled a list of the pins in each net is built in memory. The type of each pin is detected (eg: input, output, passive, etc), and then each net is checked to see if there are pin types that should not be connected to each other, for example an output pin connected to another output pin. The Connection Matrix tab of the Options for Project dialog is where you configure what pin types are allowed to connect to each other. For example, look down the entries on the right side of the matrix diagram and find Output Pin. Read across this row of the matrix till you get to the Open Collector Pin column. The square where they intersect is orange, indicating that an Output Pin connected to an Open Collector Pin on your schematic will generate an error condition when the project is compiled.

You can set each error type with a separate error level, eg. from no report, through to a fatal error. Click on a colored square to change the setting, continue to click to move to the next check-level. Set the matrix so that Unconnected Passive Pin generates Error, as shown in the image below.

The Connection Matrix defines what electrical conditions are checked for on the schematic, note that the Unconnected - Passive Pin setting is being changed.

Changing the Connection Matrix:

1. To change one of the settings click the colored box, it will cycle through the 4 possible settings. Note that you can right-click on the dialog face to display a menu that lets you toggle all settings simultaneously, including an option to restore them all to their Default state (handy if you have been toggling settings and cannot remember their default state).
2. Your circuit contains only Passive Pins (on resistors, capacitors and the connector) and Input Pins (on the transistors). Let's change the default settings so that the connection matrix detects unconnected passive pins. Look down the row labels to find the Passive Pin row. Look across the column labels to find Unconnected. The square where these entries intersect indicates the error condition when a passive pin is found to be unconnected in the schematic. The default setting is green, indicating that no report will be generated.
3. Click on this intersection box until it turns Orange (as shown in the image above), so that an error will be generated for unconnected passive pins when the project is compiled. You will purposely create an instance of this error later in the tutorial.

Configuring the Class Generation

Main article: Class Generation

The Class Generation tab in the Options for Project dialog is used to configure what type of classes are generated from the design (the Comparator and ECO Generation tabs are then used to control if classes are transferred to the PCB). By default, the software will generate Component classes and Rooms for each schematic sheet, and Net Classes for each bus in the design. For a simple, single-sheet design such as this there is no need to generate a component class or a room - ensure that the Component Classes checkbox is cleared, doing this will also disable the creation of a room for that component class.

Note that this tab of the dialog also includes options for User-Defined Classes.

The Class Generation tab is used to configure what classes and rooms are automatically created for the design.

Configuring Class Generation:

1. Clear the Component Classes checkbox, as shown in the image above. This will automatically disable the creation of a placement room for that schematic sheet.
2. There are no buses in the design, so there is no need to clear the Generate Net Classes for Buses checkbox located near the top of the dialog tab.
3. There are no user-defined Net Classes in the design (done through the placement of Net Class directives on the wires), so there is no need to clear the Generate Net Classes checkbox in the User-Defined Classes region of the dialog tab.

Setting Up the Comparator

Main article: Comparator

The Comparator tab in the Options for Project dialog sets which differences between files will be reported or ignored when a project is compiled. Generally the only time you will need to change settings in this tab is when you add extra detail to the PCB, such as design rules, and do not want those settings removed during design synchronization. If you need more detailed control, then you can selectively control the comparator using the individual comparison settings.

For this tutorial it is sufficient to confirm that the Ignore Rules Defined in PCB Only option is enabled, as shown in the image below.

The Comparator tab is used to configure exactly what differences the comparison engine will check for.

Compiling the Project to Check for Errors

Main article: Compiling and Verifying the Design

Compiling a project checks for drafting and electrical rules errors in the design documents, and details all warnings and errors in the Messages panel. You have set up the rules in the Error Checking and Connection Matrix tabs of the Options for Project dialog, so are now ready to check the design.

To compile the project and check for errors, select Project » Compile PCB Project Multivibrator.PrjPcb.

Use the Messages panel to locate and resolve design errors - double-click on an error to pan and zoom to that object.

Compiling and checking for errors:

1. To compile the Multivibrator project, select Project » Compile PCB Project Multivibrator.PrjPcb.
2. When the project is compiled, all warnings and errors are displayed in the Messages panel. The panel will only appear automatically if there are errors detected (not when there are only warnings), to open it manually click the  button down the bottom right, and select Messages from the menu.
3. If your circuit is drawn correctly, the Messages panel should not contain any errors, just the message Compile successful, no errors found. If the there are errors, work through each one, checking your circuit and ensuring that all wiring and connections are correct.

You will now deliberately introduce an error into the circuit and recompile the project:

1. Click on the Multivibrator.SchDoc tab at the top of the design window to make the schematic sheet the active document.
2. Click in the middle of the wire that connects R1 to the base wire of Q1. Small, square editing handles will appear at each end of the wire and the selection color will display as a dotted line along the wire to indicate that it is selected. Press the Delete key on the keyboard to delete the wire.
3. Recompile the project (Project » Recompile PCB Project Multivibrator.PrjPcb) to check for errors. The Messages panel will display warning messages indicating you have unconnected pins in your circuit.
4. The Messages panel is divided horizontally into 2 regions, as shown in the image above. The upper region lists all messages; which can be saved, copied, cross probed to, or cleared via the right-click menu. The lower region details the warning/error currently selected in the upper region of the panel.
5. When you double-click on an error or warning in either region of the Messages panel, the schematic view will pan and zoom to the object in error. 

Before you finish this section of the tutorial, let's fix the error in our schematic.

1. Make the schematic sheet the active document.
2. Undo the delete action (Ctrl+Z) to restore the deleted wire.
3. To check that there are no longer any errors, recompile the project (Project » Recompile PCB Project Multivibrator.PrjPcb) - the Messages panel should show no errors.
4. Save the schematic and the project file as well.

Creating a New PCB

Before you transfer the design from the Schematic Editor to the PCB Editor, you need to create the blank PCB, then name and save it as part of the project.

The blank PCB has been added to the project.

Adding a New Board to the Project:

1. A new PCB can be added to the project via the Projects panel right-click menu, select the Add New to Project » PCB command.

Add a new PCB to your project.

2. The PCB will appear as a Source Document in the Project, as shown below. Right-click on the PCB icon in the Projects panel to select the Save As command, naming it Multivibrator. Note that you do not need to enter the file extension in the Save As dialog, this is automatically appended.

Save the PCB file with a meaningful name.

3. Adding the PCB has changed the project, so save the project too (right-click on the project filename in the Projects panel, and select Save Project).

Configuring the Board Shape and Location

Main article: The Board

There are a number of attributes of this blank board that need to be changed before transferring the design from the schematic editor, including:

Task	Process
Setting the origin	The PCB editor has two origins, the Absolute Origin, which is the lower left of the workspace, and the user-definable Relative Origin, which is used to determine the current workspace location - the coordinates shown on the Status bar are relative to this origin. A common approach is to set the Relative Origin to the lower-left corner of the board shape. Select the Edit » Origin » Set command to set the Relative Origin, use the Reset command to reset it back to the Absolute Origin.
Change from Imperial to Metric units	The current workspace X / Y location and Grid are displayed on the Status bar, which is displayed along the bottom of the software. For this tutorial metric units will be used - to change the units, either press Q on the keyboard to toggle back and forth between Imperial and Metric units, or select the View » Toggle Units command from the menus. You can also force a change of units if you enter the units with a grid value in the Snap Grid dialog.
Selecting a suitable snap grid	You will have noticed that the current snap grid is 0.127mm, which is the old 5mil imperial snap grid, converted to metric. To change the snap grid at any time, right-click in the workspace and select the Snap Grid submenu, where you can select an imperial or metric value. Note the shortcuts shown in the menu, use Ctrl+Shift+G to open the Snap Grid dialog, which is handy when you want to type in a specific value. Other useful shortcuts include G to display the Snap Grid submenu, and Ctrl+G to open the Cartesian Grid editor. Grids are discussed in more detail later in the tutorial.
Redefining the board shape to the required size	The board shape is shown by the black region with a grid in it. The default size for a new board is 6x4 inches, the tutorial board is 30mm x 30mm. Details for the process of defining a new shape for the board are available below.
Configuring the layers used in the design	As well as the copper, or electrical layers you route on, there are also general-purpose mechanical layers, and special-purpose layers such as the component overlays (silkscreens), solder mask, paste mask, and so on. The electrical and other layers will be configured shortly.

Setting the Origin and the Grid:

1. There are two origins used in the software, the Absolute Origin, which is the lower left of the workspace, and the user-definable Relative Origin, which is used to determine the current workspace location. Before setting the origin, Keep zooming in to the lower left of the current board shape until you can easily see the grid - to do this position, the cursor over the lower-left corner of the board shape and press PgUp until both the Coarse and Fine grids are visible, as shown in the images below.
2. To set the Relative Origin, select Edit » Origin » Set, position the cursor over the bottom left corner of the board shape, then left click to locate it.

Select the command, position the cursor over the lower-left corner of the board shape (left image), then click to define the origin (right image).

3. The next step is to select a suitable snap grid, as discussed in the table above. During the course of design it is quite common to change grids, for example you might use a coarse grid during component placement, and a finer grid for routing. For this tutorial you will be using a Metric grid. A coarse 5mm grid will be suitable for component placement, press Ctrl+Shift+G to open the Snap Grid dialog and enter 5mm, then click OK to close the dialog.
4. By entering the units as you entered a value, you have also instructed the software to switch to a Metric grid. If you look at the Status bar you can confirm that the Grid is now metric.

Redefining the Board Shape:

1. The default board shape is 6x4 inch, for the tutorial the board size is 30mm x 30mm. 
2. To zoom back out and show all of the board, select View » Fit Board from the menus (Ctrl+PgDn).
3. The board will exactly fill the PCB editor. To manipulate the size you need to be able to see the edges of the board, use Ctrl+WheelRoll to zoom out a bit more, or press PgDn.
4. The next step is to change the board shape. To do this you must be in Board Planning Mode, select View » Board Planning Mode to change (shortcut: 1). The display will change, the board area will now be shown in green.
5. Your choice now is to either redefine the board shape (draw it again), or edit the existing board shape. For a simple square or rectangle, it is more efficient to edit the existing board shape, to do this select Design » Edit Board Shape from the menus. Note that you must be in Board Planning Mode for this command to be available.

For this design, it is more efficient to edit the existing board shape. These commands are only available in Board Planning Mode.

6. Editing handles will appear at each corner and the center of each edge, as shown below.

Note that clicking anywhere other than on an editing handle or an edge of the shape will drop you out of board shape editing mode.

7. The objective is to resize the shape to create a 30mm by 30mm board. The Coarse visible grid is 25mm (5x the snap grid), and the Fine visible grid is 5mm - these can be used as a guide. You can now either: slide the upper edge down and the right edge in to create the correct size; or move 3 of the corners in, leaving the one that is at the origin in its current location.
8. To slide the upper edge down, position the cursor over the edge (but not over a handle), when the cursor changes to a double-headed arrow click and hold, then drag the edge to the new location so that the Y cursor location is 30mm on the Status bar, as shown in the image below.
9. Repeat the process to move the right-hand edge in, positioning it when the X cursor location is 30mm on the Status bar.

Use the current location information down the bottom left of the Status bar to guide you as you reshape the board.

The resize cursor is shown, use the location information on the Status bar to help you resize the board to 30mm x 30mm.

8. Click anywhere in the workspace to drop out of board shape editing mode.
9. Press the 2 shortcut to switch back to 2D Layout Mode.
10. Now that the shape has been defined you can set the grid to a value suitable for component placement, for example 1mm. Grids are discussed in detail shortly.
11. Save the board.

The board size has been defined, and the units, origin and grid have been set. The required layers will be configured shortly.

Transferring the Design

Main article: Working Between the Schematic and the Board

The design is transferred directly between the schematic editor and the PCB editor, there is no intermediate netlist file created. From the schematic editor you select Design » Update PCB Document Multivibrator.PcbDoc, or from the PCB editor you select Design » Import Changes from Multivibrator.PrjPcb.

When you run either of these commands the design is compiled and a set of Engineering Change Orders is created, which:

• List all components used in the design, and the footprint required for each. When the ECOs are executed the software will attempt to locate each footprint in the currently available libraries or available Content Vault, and place each into the PCB workspace. If the footprint is not available, an error will occur.
• A list of all nets (connected component pins) in the design is created. When the ECOs are executed the software will add each net to the PCB, and then attempt to add the pins that belong to each net. If a pin cannot be added an error will occur - this most often happens when the footprint was not found, or the pads on the footprint do not map to the pins on the symbol.
• Additional design data is then transferred, such as net and component classes.

Once the ECOs have been executed, the components are placed outside the board shape and the nets are created.

Transferring the design from schematic capture to PCB layout:

1. Make the schematic document, Multivibrator.SchDoc, the active document.
2. Select Design » Update PCB Document Multivibrator.PcbDoc from the Schematic editor menus. The project will compile and the Engineering Change Order dialog will open.

An ECO is created for each change that needs to be made to the PCB so that it matches the schematic.

3. Click on Validate Changes. If all changes are validated, a green tick will appear next to each change in the Status list. If the changes are not validated, close the dialog, check the Messages panel and resolve any errors.
4. If all changes are validated, click on Execute Changes to send the changes to the PCB editor.
5. When completed, the target PCB opens with the Engineering Change Order dialog open on top of it, and the Done column entries become ticked (as shown in the image below).
6. Click to Close the dialog and complete the transfer process.

7. The components will have been positioned outside of the board, ready for placing on the board. There are a few steps before starting the component process, such as configuring the placement grid, the layers and the design rules.

You can create a report of the ECOs by clicking the Report Changes button.

Setting Up the PCB Workspace

Once all of the ECOs have been executed the components and nets will appear in the PCB workspace, just to the right of the board outline, as shown in the image above.

Before you start positioning the components on the board you need to configure certain PCB workspace and board settings, such as the layers, grids and design rules.

Configuring the Display of Layers

Main article: View Configurations

As well as the the layers used to fabricate the board, including: signal, power plane, mask and silkscreen layers, the PCB Editor also supports numerous other non-electrical layers. The layers are often grouped in the following way:

• Electrical layers - includes the 32 signal layers and 16 internal power plane layers.
• Mechanical layers - there are 32 general purpose mechanical layers, used for design tasks such as dimensions, fabrication details, assembly instructions, or special purpose tasks such as glue dot layers. These layers can be selectively included in print and Gerber output generation. They can also be paired, meaning that objects placed on one of the paired layers in the library editor, will flip to the other layer in the pair when the component is flipped to the bottom side of the board.
• Special layers - these include the top and bottom silkscreen layers, the solder and paste mask layers, drill layers, the Keep-Out layer (used to define the electrical boundaries), the multilayer (used for objects present on all signal layers, such as pads and vias), the connection layer, DRC error layer, grid layers, hole layers, and other display-type layers.

The display attributes of all layers are configured in the View Configurations dialog. To open the dialog:

• Select the Design » Board Layers and Colors menu entry, or
• Press the L shortcut, or
• Click the current layer color icon down the bottom-left of the workspace.

Press the L shortcut to open the View Configurations dialog.

As well as the layer display state and color settings, the View Configurations dialog also gives access to other display settings, including:

• How each type of object is displayed (solid, draft or hidden), in the Show/Hide tab of the dialog.
• Various view options, such as if Pad Net names and Pad Numbers are to be displayed, the Origin Marker, if Special Strings should be converted, and so on. These are configured in the View Options tab of the dialog.

Configure other view options, such as the display of net names on pads and tracks.

Configuring the Layer Visibility:

1. Open the View Configurations dialog.
2. In the Board Layers and Colors tab, confirm that the 2 signal layers are visible.
3. Note that this dialog is where you control the display of the mask layers, the silkscreen layers and the system layers, such as DRC and grids.
4. To have less visual "clutter" during placement and routing, disable the display of the Mechanical Layers, all of the Mask Layers, and the Drill Guide and Drill Drawing layers.
5. Switch to the View Options tab.
6. Confirm that the Show Pad Nets option is enabled, and the Net Names on Tracks Display is set to Single and Centered.
7. Click OK to accept the settings and close the dialog.

Physical Layers and the Layer Stack Manager

Main article: Layer Stack Manager

As well as the signal and power plane (solid copper) layers, the PCB Editor also includes soldermask and silkscreen physical layers - these are all fabricated to make the physical board.  The arrangement of these layers is referred to as the Layer Stack. The layer stack is configured in the Layer Stack Manager, click Design » Layer Stack to open the dialog.

The Layer Stack Manager dialog is used to:

• Add / remove signal and power plane layers.
• Add / remove dielectric layers.
• Change the order of the layers.
• Configure the Material type for the physical layers.
• Set the layer Thickness, Dielectric Material and Dielectric Constant.
• Define the Pullback amount (clearance from plane edge to board edge) for plane layers.
• Define the Coverlay Expansion for cover layers.
• Define the component orientation for that layer (advanced feature available in certain Altium products).

The tutorial PCB is a simple design and can be routed as a single-sided or double-sided board. The layer thicknesses shown below have been edited to use sensible metric values.

The properties of the physical layers are defined in the Layer Stack Manager.

Configuring the board layer stack:

1. Open the Layer Stack Manager. For a new board, the default stack comprises: a dielectric core, 2 copper layers, as well as the top and bottom soldermask (coverlay) and overlay (silkscreen) layers, as shown in the image above.
2. New layers and planes are added below the currently selected layer, which is done via the Add Layer button, or the right-click menu.
3. Layer properties, such as material, copper thickness and dielectric properties, are included when a Layer Stack Table is placed, and are also used for signal integrity analysis. Double-click in a cell to configure that setting. For example, the Thickness settings shown in the image below have been changed slightly to more suitable metric values.
4. When you have finished exploring the layer stack options, restore the values to those shown in the image above and click OK to close the dialog.

Imperial or Metric Grid?

The next step is to select a grid that is suitable for placing and routing the components. All the objects placed in the PCB workspace are placed on the current snap grid.

Traditionally, the grid was selected to suit the component pin pitch and the routing technology that you planned to use for the board - that is, how wide do the tracks need to be, and what clearance is needed between tracks. The basic idea is to have both the tracks and clearances as wide as possible, to lower the fabriction costs and improve the reliability. Of course the selection of track/clearance is ultimately driven by what can be achieved on each design, which comes down to how tightly the components and routing must be packed to get the board placed and routed.

Over time, components and their pins have dramatically shrunk in size, as has the spacing of their pins. The component dimensions and the spacing of their pins has moved from being predominantly imperial with thru-hole pins, to being more-often metric dimensions with surface mount pins. If you are starting out a new board design, unless there is a strong reason, such as designing a replacement board to fit into an existing (imperial) product, you are better off working in metric.

Why?

Because the older, imperial components have big pins with lots of room between them. On the other hand, the small, surface mount devices are built using metric measurements - they are the ones that need a high level of accuracy to ensure that the fabricated/assembled/functional product works, and is reliable. Also, the PCB editor can easily handle routing to off-grid pins, so working with imperial components on a metric board is not onerous.

Suitable Grid Settings

For a design such as this simple tutorial circuit, practical grid and design rule settings would be:

Setting	Value	Where
Routing width	0.25 mm	Routing Width design rule
Clearance	0.25 mm	Electrical Clearance design rule
Board definition grid	5 mm	Cartesian Grid Editor
Component placement grid	1 mm	Cartesian Grid Editor
Routing grid	0.25 mm	Cartesian Grid Editor
Via size	1 mm	Routing Via Style design rule
Via hole	0.6 mm	Routing Via Style design rule

While it might be tempting to select a very fine routing grid so that routing can effectively be placed anywhere, this is not a good approach. Why? because the point of setting the grid to be equal to, or a fraction of, the track+clearance is to ensure that the tracks are placed so that they do not waste potential routing space, which can easily happen if a very fine grid is used.

Setting the Snap Grid

Main articles: Grid Manager, Cartesian Grid Editor, Polar Grid Editor

The value of the snap grid you need for the tutorial can be configured via the:

• right-click » Snap Grid menu, or the
• Snap Grid dialog (Ctrl+Shift+G), or the
• Cartesian Grid Editor dialog (Ctrl+G).

To open the dialog, select Tools » Grid Manager to display the Grid Manager, then double-click on the Global Board Snap Grid to open the Cartesian Grid Editor, as shown below.

Set the Snap Grid to 1 mm, ready to position the components.

Configuring the snap grid:

1. Press the Ctrl+G shortcut keys to open the Cartesian Grid Editor dialog. Alternatively, open the Cartesian Grid Editor dialog from the Grid Manager, as described above.
2. Type the value 1mm into the Step X field. Because the X and Y fields are linked, there is no need to define the Step Y value.
3. To make the grid visible at lower zoom levels set the Multiplier to 5x Grid Step, and to make it easier to distinguish between the two grids, set the Fine grid to display as lighter colored Dots.
4. Click OK to close the dialog.

Setting Up the Design Rules

Main article: PCB Design Rules Reference

The PCB Editor is a rules-driven environment, meaning that as you perform actions that change the design, such as placing tracks, moving components, or autorouting the board, the software monitors each action and checks to see if the design still complies with the design rules. If it does not, then the error is immediately highlighted as a violation. Setting up the design rules before you start working on the board allows you to remain focused on the task of designing, confident in the knowledge that any design errors will immediately be flagged for your attention.

Design rules are configured in the PCB Rules and Constraints Editor dialog, as shown below (Design » Rules). The rules are divided into 10 categories, which can then be further divided into design rule types.

All PCB design requirements are configured as rules/constraints, in the PCB Rules and Constraints Editor.

Routing Width Design Rules

Main article: Width

The width of the routing is controlled by the applicable routing width design rule, which the software automatically selects when you run the Interactive Routing command and click on a net. When you are configuring the rules, the basic approach is to set the lowest priority rule to target the largest number of nets, and then add higher-priority rules to target nets with special width requirements, such as power nets. There is no issue if a net is targetted by multiple rules, the software always looks for and only applies the highest priority rule.

For example, the tutorial design includes a number of signal nets, and two power nets. The default routing width rule can be configured at 0.25mm for the signal nets. This rule will target all nets in the design by setting the rule scope to All. Even though a scope of All also targets the Power nets, these can be specifically targetted by adding a second, higher-priority rule, with a scope of InNet('12V') or InNet('GND'). The image below shows the summary of these two rules, the detail is shown in the images in the following two collapsible sections.

Two Routing Width design rules have been defined, the lowest priority rule targets All nets, the higher priority rule targets objects in the 12V net or the GND net.

Configuring the Routing Width Rule for the signal nets:

1. With the PCB as the active document, open the PCB Rules and Constraints Editor.
2. Each rules category is displayed under the Design Rules folder (left hand side) of the dialog. Double-click on the Routing category to expand the category and see the related routing rules. Then double-click on Width to display the currently defined width rules.
3. Click once on the existing Width rule to select it. When you click on the rule, the right hand side of the dialog displays the settings for that rule, including: the rule's Where the First Object Matches in the top section (also referred to as the rule's scope - what you want this rule to target); with the rule's Constraints below that.
4. Since this rule is to target the majority of nets in the design (the signal nets), confirm that the Where the First Object Matches setting is set to All. An additional rule will be added to target the power nets.
5. Edit the Min Width, Preferred Width & Max Width values, setting them to 0.25mm. Note that the settings are reflected in the individual layers shown at the bottom of the dialog, you can also configure the requirements on a per-layer basis.
6. The rule is now defined, click Apply to save it and keep the dialog open.

The default Routing Width design rule has been configured.

Adding a Routing Width Rule for the power nets:

1. The next step is to add another design rule to specify the routing width for the power nets. To add and configure this rule, open the PCB Rules and Constraints Editor.
2. With the existing Width rule selected in the Design Rules tree on the left of the dialog, right-click and select New Rule to add a new Width constraint rule, as shown in the animation below.
3. A new rule named Width_1 appears. Click on the new rule in the Design Rules tree to configure its properties.
4. Click in the Name field on the right, and enter the name Width_Power in the field.
5. Click the Query Builder button to open the Query Builder, the configure it to target objects: InNet('12V') or InNet('GND').
6. The last step is to set the Constraints for the rule. Edit the Min Width / Preferred Width / Max Width values 0.25 / 0.5 / 0.5 to allow power net routing widths in the range 0.25mm to 0.5mm, as shown below.

This Width rule targets the power nets.

8. Click Apply to save the rules and keep the dialog open.

Defining the Electrical Clearance Constraint

Main article: Clearance Constraint

The next step is to define how close electrical objects that belong to different nets, can be to each other.

This requirement is handled by the Electrical Clearance Constraint, for the tutorial a clearance of 0.25mm between all objects is suitable.

Note that entering a value into the Minimum Clearance field will automatically apply that value to all of the fields in the grid region at the bottom of the dialog. You only need to edit in the grid region when you need to define a clearance based on the object-type.

The electrical clearance constraint is defined between objects. Switch the Constraints to Advanced to display all object kinds.

Defining the Electrical Clearance Constraint:

1. Expand the Electrical category in the tree of Design Rules, then expand the Clearance rule-type.
2. Click to select the existing Clearance constraint. Note that this rule has two Full Query fields, that is because it is a Binary rule. The rules engine checks each object targeted by the setting Where the First Object Matches and checks it against the objects targeted by the Where the Second Object Matches setting, to confirm that they satisfy the specified Constraints settings. For this design, this rule will be configured to define a single clearance between All objects.
3. In the Constraints region of the dialog, set the Minimum Clearance to 0.25mm, as shown in the image above.
4. Click Apply to save the rule and keep the dialog open.

Defining the Routing Via Style

Main article: Routing Via Style

As you route and change layers a via is automatically added, in this situation the via properties are defined by the applicable Routing Via Style design rule. If you place a via from the Place menu, its values are defined by the in-built default primitive settings. For the tutorial, you will configure the Routing Via Style design rule.

A single routing via is suitable for all nets in this design.

Defining the Routing Via Style Design Rule:

1. Expand the Design Rule tree and select the default RoutingVias design rule.
2. Since it is highly likely that the power nets can be routed on a single side of the board, it is not necessary to define a routing via style rule for signal nets and another routing via style rule for power nets. Edit the rule settings to the values suggested earlier in the tutorial, that is a Via Diameter = 1mm and a Via Hole Size = 0.6mm. Set all fields (Min, Max, Preferred) to the same size.
3. Click OK to close the PCB Rules and Constraints Editor.
4. Save the PCB file.

Existing Design Rule Violation

You might have noticed that the transistor pads are showing that there is a violation. Right-click over a violation and select the Violations in the right-click menu, as shown below. The details show that there is a:

• Clearance Constraint violation
• Between a Pad on the MultiLayer, and a Pad on the MultiLayer
• Where the clearance is 0.22mm, which is less than the specified 0.25mm

Right-click on a violation to examine what rule is being violated, and the violation conditions. In this image the display is in single layer mode, with the multi-layer as the active layer.

Positioning the Components on the PCB

There is a saying that PCB design is 90% placement and 10% routing. While you could argue about the percentage of each, it is generally accepted that good component placement is critical for good board design. Keep in mind that you may need to tune the placement as you route too.

Component Positioning and Placement options

When you click and hold on a component to move it, if the Snap to Center option is on, then the component will move to be held by its reference point. The reference point is the 0,0 coordinate of the component, when it was built in the library editor.

The Smart Component Snap option allows you to override this snap to center behavior and snap to the nearest component pad instead, handy when you need to position a specific pad in a specific location.

Enable Snap to Center to always hold the component by its reference point. Smart Component Snap is helpful when you need to align by a specific pad.

Setting the component positioning options:

1. Select DXP » Preferences to open the Preferences dialog.
2. Open the PCB Editor - General page of the dialog, in the Editing Options section, make sure the Snap To Center option is enabled. This ensures that when you "grab" a component to position it, the cursor will hold the component by its reference point.
3. Note the Smart Component Snap option, if this is enabled you can force the software to snap to a pad center instead of the reference point by clicking and holding closer to the required pad than the component's reference point. This is very handy if you require a specific pad, to be on a specific grid point. It can work against you if you are working with small surface mount components though, as it can make it harder to "grab" them by their reference point.

Positioning Components

You can now position the components in suitable locations on the board.

To move a component, either:

• Click-and-Hold the left mouse button on the component, move it to the required location, rotate it with the Spacebar, then release the mouse button to place it; or
• Run the Edit » Move » Component command, then single click to pick up a component, move it to the required location, rotate if required, then click once to place it. When you are finished, right-click to drop out of the Move Component command.

Components positioned on the board.

Positioning the components:

1. Zoom to display the board and the component. One way to do this is to zoom out (PgDn) so the board and the components are all visible, then right-click and choose View » View Area, then click to define the top left and bottom right of the exact area you wish to view.
2. The components will be positioned on the current Snap grid. For a simple design such as this there are no specific design requirements that dictate what placement grid should be used, as the designer, you decide what a suitable placement grid would be. To simplify the process of positioning the components you can work with a coarse placement grid, for example 1mm. Check the Status bar to confirm that the Snap Grid is set to 1mm, press Ctrl+Shift+G to change the grid if required.
3. The components in the tutorial can be placed as shown in the image above. To place connector P1, position the cursor over the middle of the outline of the connector, and Click-and-Hold the left mouse button. The cursor will change to a cross hair and jump to the reference point for the part. While continuing to hold down the mouse button, move the mouse to drag the component.
4. Press the Spacebar to rotate the component if required, and position the footprint towards the left-hand side of the board, as shown in the figure above.
5. When the connector component is in position, release the mouse button to drop it into place. Note how the connection lines drag with the component.
6. Reposition the remaining components, using the figure above as a guide. Use the Spacebar to rotate (increments of 90º anti-clockwise) components as you drag them, so that the connection lines are as shown in the figure.
7. Component text can be repositioned in a similar fashion - click-and-drag the text and press the Spacebar to rotate it.
8. The PCB editor also includes powerful interactive placement tools. Let's use these to ensure that the four resistors are correctly aligned and spaced.
9. Holding the Shift key, click on each of the four resistors to select them, or click and drag the selection box around all 4 of them. A shaded selection box will display around each of the selected components, in the color set for the system color called Selections.
10. Right-click on any of the selected components and choose Align » Align to open the Align Objects dialog.
11. Select Space Equally in the Horizontal section and Bottom in the Vertical section, then click OK to apply these changes. The four resistors are now aligned (with the lowest component) and equally spaced.

 
Select, then align and space the resistors.

12. Click elsewhere in the design window to de-select all the resistors. If required you can also align the capacitors and transistors, although this might not be required since you have a coarse Snap grid at the moment.
13. Save the PCB file.

With everything positioned, it's time to do some routing!

Interactively Routing the Board

Main article: Interactive Routing

Routing is the process of laying tracks and vias on the board to connect the component pins. The PCB editor makes this job easy by providing sophisticated interactive routing tools, as well as the topological autorouter, which optimally routes the whole or part of a board at the click of a button. While autorouting provides an easy and powerful way to route a board, there will be situations where you will need exact control over the placement of tracks. In these situations you can manually route part or all of your board.

In this section of the tutorial, you will manually route the entire board single-sided, with all tracks on the top layer. The Interactive Routing tools help maximize routing efficiency and flexibility in an intuitive way, including cursor guidance for track placement, single-click routing of the connection, pushing obstacles, automatically following existing connections, all in accordance with applicable design rules.

Preparing for Interactive Routing

Main article: PCB Editor - Interactive Routing

Before starting to route, it is important to configure the Interactive Routing options found in the PCB Editor - Interactive Routing page of the Preferences dialog.

Configure the interactive routing options.

Preparing for interactive routing:

1. Set the Routing Conflict Resolution Current Mode to Stop at First Obstacle. You can cycle through the enabled modes interactively as you route by pressing Shift+R.
2. In the Interactive Routing Options section of the page, confirm that the Automatically Terminate Routing and the Automatically Remove Loops options are enabled. The first option releases the cursor from the current route when you click on a pad to finish that route. The second option allows you to change existing routing by simply routing an alternate path - you route a new path until it meets the old path (creating a loop), then right-click to indicate it is complete - the software then automatically removes the old, redundant part of the routing. This feature will be explored later in the tutorial.
3. Confirm that the Interactive Routing Width / Via Size Sources options are both set to Rule Preferred.
4. Press Ctrl+Shift+G to open the Snap Grid dialog and set the Snap Grid to 0.25mm.

Time to Route

• Interactive routing is launched by clicking the Route button , or selecting the routing command, Route » Interactive Routing (shortcut: U, T or P, T)).
• Since the components are mostly surface mount and the design is simple, the board can be routed on the top layer. As you place tracks on the top layer of the board, you use the ratsnest (connection lines) to guide you.
• Tracks on a PCB are made from a series of straight segments. Each time there is a change of direction, a new track segment begins. Also, by default the PCB editor constrains tracks to a vertical, horizontal or 45° orientation, allowing you to easily produce professional results. This behavior can be customized to suit your needs, but for this tutorial you can use the defaults.
• After reaching the target pad, right-click or press Esc to release that connection - you will remain in Interactive Routing mode, ready to click on the next connection line.

A simple animation showing the board being routed. Note that many of the connections are finished using the Ctrl+Click to autocomplete feature.

Interactively routing the board:

1. Check which layers are currently visible by looking at the Layer Tabs at the bottom of the workspace. If the Bottom Layer is not visible, press the L shortcut to open the View Configurations dialog, and enable the Bottom Layer.
2. Click on the Top layer tab at the bottom of the workspace to make it the current, or active layer, ready to route on.
3. It is often easier to route in single layer mode, press Shift+S to toggle to in and out of single layer mode.
4. Click  button on the Wiring Toolbar, select Interactive Routing from the Place menu, or right-click and choose Interactive Routing from the context menu. The cursor will change to a crosshair, indicating you are in interactive routing mode.
5. Position the cursor over the lower pad on connector P1. As you move the cursor close to the pad it will automatically snap to the center of the pad - this is the Snap To Object Hotspot feature pulling the cursor to the center of the nearest electrical object (configure the Range of attraction in the Board Options dialog). Sometimes the Snap To Object Hotspot feature pulls the cursor when you don't want it to, in this situation press the Ctrl key to temporarily inhibit this feature.
6. Left-Click or press Enter to anchor the first point of the track.
7. Move the cursor towards the bottom pad of the resistor R1, and click to place a vertical segment. Note how track segments are displayed in different ways (as shown in the image below). During routing, the segments are shown as:
   • Solid - the segment has been placed.
   • Hatched - hatched segments are proposed but uncommitted, they will be placed when you left-click.
   • Hollow - this is referred to as the look-ahead segment, it allows you to work out where the last proposed segment should end. This segment is not placed when you click, unless the next click will complete the route. In this situation the Automatically Terminate Routing option kicks in and overrides the default look-ahead behavior. The look-ahead mode can be toggled on/off using the 1 shortcut during routing.

Note how the segments are displayed differently.

8. Manually route by Left-Clicking to commit track segments, finishing on the lower pad of R1. Note how each mouse click places the hatched segment(s). For the connection that you are currently routing, press Backspace to rip up the last-placed segment.
9. Rather than routing all the way to the target pad, you can also press Ctrl+Left Click to use the Auto-Complete function and immediately route the entire connection. Auto-complete behaves in the following way:
   • It takes the shortest path, which may not the best path as you need to always consider paths for other connections yet to be routed. If you are in Push mode (shown on the Status bar when routing), Auto-complete can push existing routes to reach the target.
   • On longer connections, the Auto-Complete path may not always be available as the routing path is mapped section by section, and complete mapping between source and target pads may not be possible.
   • You can also Auto-complete directly on a pad or connection line.
10. Continue to route all the connections on the board.
11. Use the techniques detailed above to route all of the connections between the other components on the board. The simple animation above shows the board being interactively routed.
12. There is no single solution to routing a board, so it is inevitable that you will want to change the routing. The PCB editor includes features and tools to help with this, they are discussed in the following sections and are also demonstrated in the animation shown above.
13. Save the design when you are finished routing.

Routing Tips

Keep in mind the following points as you are routing:

Keystroke	Behavior
~ (tilda)  or  Shift+F1	Pop up a menu  of interactive shortcuts - most settings can be changed on the fly by pressing the appropriate shortcut, or selecting from the menu.
*  or  Ctrl+Shift+WheelRoll	Switch to the next available signal layer. A via is automatically added, in accordance with the applicable Routing Via Style design rule.
Shift+R	Cycle through the enabled conflict resolution modes. Enable the required modes in the Interactive Routing preferences page.
Shift+S	Toggle single layer mode on and off - ideal when there are many objects on multiple layers.
Spacebar	Toggle the current corner direction.
Shift+Spacebar	Cycle through the various track corner modes. The styles are: any angle, 45°, 45° with arc, 90° and 90° with arc. There is an option to limit this to 45° and 90° in the Interactive Routing preferences page.
Ctrl+Left-Click	Auto-complete the connection being routed. Auto-complete will not succeed if there are unresolvable conflicts with obstacles.
Ctrl	Temporarily suspend the Hotspot Snap, or press Shift + E to cycle through the 3 available modes (off / on for current layer / on for all layers).
End	Redraw the screen.
PgUp / PgDn	Zoom in / out, centered around the current cursor position. Alternatively, use the standard Windows mouse wheel zoom and pan shortcuts.
Backspace	Remove the last-committed track segment.
Right-click  or  ESC	Drop the current connection, remaining in Interactive Routing mode.

Interactive Routing Modes

The PCB editor's Interactive Routing engine supports a number of different modes, with each mode helping the designer deal with particular situations. Press the Shift+R shortcut to cycle through these modes as you interactively route, note that the current mode is displayed on the Status bar.

The available interactive routing modes include:

• Ignore Obstacles - This mode lets you place tracks anywhere, including over existing objects, displaying but allowing potential violations.
• Push Obstacles - This mode will attempt to move objects (tracks and vias), which are capable of being repositioned without violation, to accommodate the new routing.
• Walkaround Obstacles - This mode will attempt to find a routing path around existing obstacles without attempting to move them.
• Stop at first Obstacle - In this mode the routing is essentially manual, as soon as an obstacle is encountered the track segment will be clipped to avoid a violation.
• Hug & Push Obstacles - This mode is a combination of Walkaround and Push. It will hug as it performs a Walkaround of obstacles, however, will also attempt to Push against fixed obstacles when there is insufficient clearance to continue using Walkaround.
• Autoroute on Current Layer - this mode brings basic autorouting functionality to interactive routing, it can automatically select between walkaround and push, based on heuristics that consider push distance, versus walk distance and route length. Like an autorouter, this mode can deliver better results on a complex, busy board, than on a simple, unrouted board.
• Autoroute on Multiple Layers - this mode also brings basic autorouting functionality to interactive routing, it can also automatically select between walkaround and push, based on heuristics that consider push distance, versus walk distance and route length. This mode can also place a via and consider using other routing layers. Like an autorouter, this mode can deliver better results on a complex, busy board, than on a simple, unrouted board.

Modifying and Rerouting

To modify an existing route, there are two approaches, either: reroute, or re-arrange.

Reroute an existing Route

• There is no need to un-route a connection to redefine its path, simply click the Route button and start routing the new path.
• The Loop Removal feature will automatically remove any redundant track segments (and vias) as soon as you close the loop and right-click to indicate you are complete (the Loop Removal feature was enabled earlier in the tutorial).
• You can start and end the new route path at any point, swapping layers as required.
• You can also create temporary violations by switching to Ignore Obstacle mode (as shown in the animation below), which you later resolve.

A simple animation showing the Loop Removal feature being used to modify existing routing.

Re-arrange Existing Routes

• To interactively slide or drag track segments across the board, simply click, hold and drag, as shown in the animation below. The default dragging behavior is configured in the PCB - Interactive Routing page of the Preferences dialog, as shown in the animation below.
• The PCB editor will automatically maintain the 45/90 degree angles with connected segments, shortening and lengthening them as required.

An animation showing track dragging being used to tidy up existing routing.

Track Dragging Tips

• Change the default select-then-drag mode using the Unselected via/track and Selected via/track options in the PCB Editor - Interactive Routing page of the Preferences dialog.
• During dragging the routing conflict resolution modes also apply (Ignore, Push, HugNPush), press Shift+R to cycle through the modes as you drag a track segment.
• Existing pads and vias will be jumped, or vias will be pushed if necessary and possible, if Push mode is enabled.   
• To convert a 90 degree corner to a 45 degree route, start dragging on the corner vertex.
• While dragging you can move the cursor and hotspot snap it to an existing, non-moving object such as a pad (shown above) - use this to help align the new segment location with an existing object and avoid very small segments being added.
• To break a single segment, select the segment first, then position the cursor over the center vertex to add in new segments.

An example of dragging multiple tracks, by setting the routing conflict mode to Push.

Automatically Routing the Board

Configuring the Autorouter

Main articles: Situs Routing Strategies, Situs Strategy Editor

Altium Designer also includes a topological autorouter. A topological autorouter uses a different method of mapping the routing space - one that is not geometrically constrained. Rather than using workspace coordinate information as a frame of reference (dividing it into a grid), a topological autorouter builds a map using only the relative positions of the obstacles in the space, without reference to their coordinates.

Topological mapping is a spatial-analysis technique that triangulates the space between adjacent obstacles. This triangulated map is then used by the routing algorithms to "weave" between the obstacle pairs, from the start route point to the end route point. The greatest strengths of this approach are that the map is shape independent (the obstacles and routing paths can be any shape) and the space can be traversed at any angle - the routing algorithms are not restricted to purely vertical or horizontal paths, as with a rectilinear expansion routers.

Translating this into a user interface, the router has a number of different routing passes available; such as Fan Out to Plane, Main, Memory, Spread, Recorner, and so on. These are bundled together to create a Routing Strategy, which the designer can then run on their board. There are a number of pre-defined strategies already available in the Routing Strategies dialog, and new ones are easily created using the Strategy Editor.

Select an existing routing strategy, or create a new one in the Strategy Editor. Note that the default strategies cannot be edited, duplicate one to explore the strategies.

Running the Autorouter

• The autorouter is configured and run from the Route » Auto Route submenu. Selecting All from the menu opens the Routing Strategies dialog, which is used to configure the strategies, select the required strategy, and run the autorouter.
• The autorouter will route on the layers allowed by the Routing Layers design rule, in the directions specified in the autorouter Layer Directions dialog (where possible).

The images below show the autorouting results using: the Default 2 Layer Board Strategy on the left; a user-defined strategy in the middle (the chosen routing passes are shown in the dialog image above); and that same strategy restricted to top layer only (by clicking the Edit Layer Directions button in the Situs Routing Strategies dialog, to disable the use of the bottom layer), on the right.

Autorouting results for the default 2 layer strategy (left image), a user-defined strategy (center image), and the same user-defined strategy limited to the top layer only.

Exploring the capabilities of the autorouter:

1. Un-route the board by running the Route » Un-Route » All command (shortcut: U, U, A).
2. Select Route » Auto Route » All. The Situs Routing Strategies dialog displays, the top region of the dialog displays the Routing Setup Report, warnings and errors are shown in red, always check for warnings/errors. The lower half of the dialog shows the available Routing Strategies, the selected one will be highlighted. For this board it should default to the Default 2 Layer Board strategy.
3. Click the Route All button in the Routing Strategies dialog. The Messages panel displays the process of the autorouting. Because it routes your board directly in the PCB editing window, there is no need to wrestle with exporting and importing route files.
4. To route the board single-sided, click the Edit Layer Directions button in the Situs Routing Strategies dialog, and modify the Current Setting field. Alternatively, you can modify the Routing Layers design rule.
5. An important point to make, the autorouter prefers a challenging board, often giving better results on a dense, more complex design than on a simple board. To improve the quality of the finished result, select Autoroute » All again, except this time select the Cleanup routing strategy. This strategy will attempt to straighten the routes, reducing the number of corners. You can run the Cleanup strategy multiple times if required. If nothing changes you might like to interactively re-route a connection in a convoluted pattern, then try the Cleanup strategy.
6. If you want to keep the autorouting results, save your board. Otherwise use Undo or close/open to return the board to the required routed state.

Verifying Your Board Design

Main article: PCB Design Rules Reference

The PCB editor is a rules-driven board design environment, in which you can define many types of design rules that can be checked to ensure the integrity of your board. Typically you set up the design rules at the start of the design process. The on-line DRC feature will monitor the enabled rules as you work and immediately highlight any detected design violations. Alternatively, you can also run a batch DRC to test that the design complies with the rules, generating a report that details the enabled rules and any detected violations.

Earlier in the tutorial you examined the routing design rules, adding a new width constraint rule targeting the power nets, as well as an electrical clearance constraint and a routing via style rule. As well as these, there are a number of other design rules that are automatically defined when a new board is created.

Configuring the Display of Rule Violations

Main article: PCB Editor - DRC Violations Display

Before checking for rule violations, it is important to understand how violations are displayed.

Altium Designer has two techniques for displaying design rule violations, each with their own advantages. These are configured in the PCB Editor - DRC Violations Display page of the Preferences dialog:

• Violation Overlay - Violations are identifed by the primitive-in-error being highlighted in the color chosen for the DRC Error Markers (configured in the View Configurations dialog, press L to open). The default behavior is to show the primitives in a solid color when zoomed out, changing to the selected Violation Overlay Style as you zoom it. The default is Style B, a circle with a cross in it.
• Violation Details - As you zoom further in Violation Detail is added (if enabled), detailing the nature of the error. Use the Show Violation Detail slider to define at what zoom level the Violation Details start to display. Enable the required Display options in the Preferences dialog.

Violations can be displayed as a colored overlay and also as a detailed message, with different symbols being used to show different detail of the error type.

Violations are shown in solid green (left image), as you zoom in this changes to the selected Violation Overlay Style (center image), as you zoom in further Violation Details are added.

Preparing to run a Design Rule Check (DRC):

1. Select Design » Board Layers & Colors (shortcut: L) and ensure that Show checkbox next to the DRC Error Markers option in the System Colors section is enabled (ticked) so that DRC error markers will be displayed.
2. Confirm that the Online DRC (Design Rule Checking) system is enabled, the checkbox is in the PCB Editor - General page of the Preferences dialog. Keep the Preferences dialog open, and switch to the PCB Editor - DRC Violations Display page of the dialog.
3. The PCB Editor - DRC Violations Display page of the Preferences dialog is used to configure how violations are displayed in the workspace. There are 2 different methods available for displaying violations, each with their own strengths.
4. For the tutorial, right-click in the Display area of the PCB Editor - DRC Violations Display page of the Preferences dialog and select Show Violation Details - Used, then right-click again and select Show Violation Overlay - Used, as shown in the dialog image above.
5. You are now ready to check the design for errors.

Configuring the Rule Checker

Main article: Design Rule Checker

The design is checked for violations by running the Design Rule Checker. Run the Tools » Design Rule Check command to open the dialog. Both online and batch DRC are configured in this dialog.

DRC Report Options

• By default, the dialog opens showing the Report Options page selected in the tree on the left of the dialog (shown below).
• The right side of the dialog displays a list of general reporting options, for more information about the options press F1 when the cursor is over the dialog. These options can be left at their defaults.

Rule checking, both online and batch, is configured in the Design Rule Checker dialog.

DRC Rules to Check

• The testing of specific rules is configured in the Rules to Check section of the dialog, select this page in the tree on the left of the dialog to list all of the rule types (shown below). You can also examine them by type, for example Electrical, by selecting that page on the left of the dialog.
• For most rule types there are checkboxes for Online (check as you work) and Batch (check this rule when the Run Design Rule Check button is clicked).
• Click to enable/disable the rules as required. Alternatively, right-click to display the context menu. This menu allows you to quickly toggle the Online and Batch settings, select the Batch DRC - Used On entry, as shown in the image below.

Checking is configured for each rule type, use the right-click menu to enable the Used design rules.

Running a Design Rule Check (DRC)

Click the Run Design Rule Check button at the bottom of the dialog to perform a design rule check. When the button is clicked the DRC will run, then:

• The Messages panel will appear, listing all detected errors.
• If the Create Report File option was enabled in the Report Options page of the dialog, a Design Rule Verification Report will open in a separate document tab, the report for the tutorial is shown below.
  • The upper upper section of the report details the rules that are enabled for checking and the number of detected violations, click on a rule to jump down the report and examine those errors.
  • Below the summary of violating rules are specific details about each violation.
  • The links in the report are live, click on a specific error to jump back to the board and examine that error on the board. Note that the zoom level for this click action is configured in the System - Navigation page of the Preferences dialog, experiment to find a zoom level that suits you.

The upper section in the report details the rules that are enabled for checking and the number of detected violations, click on a rule to jump down the report and examine those errors.

The lower section of the report shows each rule that is being violated, followed by a list of the objects in error. Click on an error to jump to that object on the PCB.

 

Locating the Error Condition

When you are new to the software, a long list of violations can initially seem overwhelming. A good approach to managing this is to disable and enable rules in the Design Rule Check dialog, at different stages of the design process. It is not advisable to disable the design rules themselves if there are violations, just the checking of them. For example, you would always disable the Un-Routed Net check until the board is fully routed.

• When a batch DRC is run on the tutorial board, there are:
  • 2 Silk to Silk clearance errors - the distance between two adjacent sections of silkscreen is less than allowed by this rule.
  • 8 Silk to Solder Mask clearance errors - the distance from the opening in the solder mask to the edge of a silkscreen object is less than allowed by this rule.
  • 4 Minimum Solder Mask Sliver errors  - the minimum width of a strip of solder mask is less than allowed by this rule. This typically occurs between component pads.
  • 4 clearance constraint violations - the measured electrical clearance value between objects on signal layers is less than the minimum amount specified by this rule.
• To locate a violation:
  • click the link in the report file, or
  • double click in the Messages panel,
  • click on a violation in the PCB Rules and Violations panel.
• Using the Violation Details, you can establish the error condition.
• The image below shows the Violation Details for one of the clearance constraint errors, indicated by the white arrows and the 0.25mm text, indicating that this gap is less than the minimum 0.25mm allowed by the rule. The next step is to work out what the actual value is so you know how much it has failed by, and can then decide how to resolve this error.

The Violation Details show that the clearance between these 2 pads is less that 0.25mm, it does not detail the actual clearance though.

Understanding the Error Condition

So you've found an error, how do you know how much it has failed by? As the designer you need this essential information, to be able to decide how best to resolve the error.

For example, if the rule says the allowable minimum solder mask sliver is 0.25 mm and the actual sliver is 0.24, then the situation is not that bad and you may be able to adjust the rule setting to accept this value. But if the actual sliver value is 0.02, then that is probably not a situation that can be resolved by adjusting the rule setting.

Apart from actually measuring the distance, there are a number of approaches to finding out how much a rule has failed by. You can use:

• the right-click Violations submenu, or
• the PCB Rules and Violations panel, or
• the detail included in the Messages panel - the actual value is detailed along with the specified value (for example, 0.175 < 0.254).

The Violations Submenu

The right-click Violations submenu was described earlier in the Existing Design Rule Violation section.

• The image below shows how the Violations submenu details the measured condition against the value specified by the rule.

Right-click on a violation to examine what rule is being violated, and the violation conditions.

The PCB Rules and Violations Panel

Main article: PCB Rules and Violations Panel

The PCB Rules and Violations panel is an excellent feature for locating and understanding error conditions.

• Click the  button and select Rules and Violations from the menu to display the panel. It will default to show [All Rules] in the Rule Classes list. Once you have identified a rule type of interest, select that specific rule class so that only those violations are shown at the bottom of the panel.
• Click once on a violation in the list to jump to that violation on the board, double-click on a violation to open the Violation Details dialog.

The panel details the violation type, the measured value, the rule setting and the objects that are in violation.

Resolving the Violations

As the designer you have to work out the most appropriate way of resolving each design rule violation. Let's start with the solder mask errors as they are related, and both error conditions may be affected by the changes you make to solder mask settings.

Solder Mask Errors

Main articles: Minimum Solder Mask Sliver, Silk to Solder Mask Clearance

The solder mask is a thin, lacquer-like layer applied to the outer surface of the board, providing a protective and insulating covering for the copper. Opening are created in the mask for components and wires to be soldered to the copper, it is these openings that are displayed as objects on the solder mask layer in the PCB editor (note that the solder mask layer is defined in the negative - the objects you see become holes in the actual solder mask).

During fabrication, solder mask is applied using different techniques, the lowest cost approach is to silkscreen it onto the board surface through a mask. To allow for layer alignment issues, the mask openings are typically larger than the pads, reflected by the 4mil (0.1mm) expansion value used in the default design rule.

There are other techniques for applying solder mask which offer higher-quality layer registration and more accurate shape definition, if these techniques are used the solder mask expansion can be smaller or even zero. Reducing the mask opening reduces the chance of having solder mask slivers or silk to solder mask clearance errors.

   
A solder mask sliver error shown on the left and a silk to solder mask clearance error on the right, the purple represents the solder mask expansion around each pad.

Errors such as these solder mask issues cannot be resolved without consideration of the fabrication technique that will be used to make the finished board.

For example, if this was a complex, multi-layer board for a high-value product, then it is likely that a high quality solder mask technology would be employed, which would allow a small or zero solder mask expansion. However, for a simple double-sided board like the tutorial it is more likely it will be targetting a low-cost product, requiring a low-cost solder mask technology to be used. That means resolving the solder mask sliver errors by reducing the solder mask expansion for the entire board is not a realistic solution.

Like many aspects of PCB design, the solution lies in making thoughtful trade-offs in a focused way, to minimize their impact.

Resolving the Solder Mask Sliver violations:

To resolve this violation you can:

1. Increase the solder mask opening to completely remove the mask between the transistor pads, or
2. Decrease the minimum acceptable sliver width, or
3. Decrease the mask opening to widen the sliver to an acceptable width.

This is a design decision which would be made in light of your knowledge of the component, and the fabrication and assembly technology that is going to be used. Opening the mask to completely remove the mask between the transistor pads means that there is more chance of creating solder bridges between those pads, whereas decreasing the mask opening will still leave a sliver, which may or may not be acceptable, and will also introduce the possibility of mask-to-pad registration problems.

For this tutorial you will do a combination of the second and third options, decreasing the minimum sliver width to a value suitable for the settings being used on this board, and also decreasing the mask expansion, but only for the transistor pads.

1. The first step is to reduce the allowable sliver width. To do this, open the PCB Rules and Constraints Editor, then in the Manufacturing section locate and select the existing Minimum Solder Mask Sliver rule, called MinimumSolderMaskSliver.
2. A value equal to the pad separation of 0.22mm ( ≈ 8.7mil) will be acceptable for a design such as this, edit the Minimum Solder Mask Sliver value to be 0.22mm in the Constraints region of the rule.
3. Now click on Mask in the tree on the left of the dialog to show the current Solder Mask Expansion rules, there should be one rule, called SolderMaskExpansion.
4. Click on it to select the rule and display its settings, it will specify an expansion value of 0.102mm (4mil). Since it is only the transistor pads that are in violation you will not edit this value, instead you will create a new rule.
5. To add a new Solder Mask Expansion rule, right-click on the rule and select New Rule from the menu. A new rule called SolderMaskExpansion_1 will be created, click on it to display its settings.
6. Edit the rule settings to be as shown below:

• Name - SolderMaskExpansion_Transistor
• Full Query - HasFootprint('ONSC-TO-92-3-29-11') (the name of the transistor footprint)
• Expansion - 0mm

You can use the Query Builder to help create the new rule.

6. Click Apply to accept the changes and keep the PCB Rules and Constraints Editor open.

Resolving the Silk to Solder Mask Clearance violations:

The function of this rule is to ensure there is sufficient separation between the silkscreen objects and the copper. The rule supports checking against the opening in the mask, or checking against the copper exposed by that opening in the mask.

1. For this violation, the actual measurement is close to the current rule setting, 0.175mm versus 0.25mm, as can be seen in the Messages or the PCB Rules and Violations panels. The value 0.175mm is still an acceptable separation, edit the constraint value, as shown in the image below.

Edit the clearance to be 0.175mm.

2. Click OK to accept the changes and close the PCB Rules and Constraints Editor.

Clearance Violations

Main article: Clearance Constraint

There are two ways of resolving this clearance constraint:

• Decrease the size of the transistor footprint pads to increase the clearance between the pads, or
• Configure the rules to allow a smaller clearance between the transistor footprint pads.

Since the 0.25mm clearance is quite generous and the actual clearance is quite close to this value (0.22mm), a good choice in this situation would be to configure the rules to allow a smaller clearance. This can be done in the existing Clearance Constraint design rule, as shown below.

• The TH Pad - to - TH Pad value is changed to 0.22mm in the grid region of the rule constraint. To edit a cell first select it, then press F2.
• This solution is acceptable in this situation because the only other component with thruhole pads is the connector, which has pads spaced over 1mm apart. If this was not the case, the best solution would be to add a second clearance constaint targetting just the transistor pads, as was done for the solder mask expansion rules.

Edit the Clearance Constraint to allow a TH Pad to TH Pad clearance of 0.22mm.

Silk to Silk Clearance Violation

Main article: Silk to Silk Clearance

The last error to resolve is the silk to silk clearance violations. These are usually caused by a designator being too close to the outline of an adjacent component. You design may not have any of these violations - it depends on how close you placed the components, or if you have already repositioned the designators. Click and hold on a designator to move it - all objects will dim apart from the objects in the component whose designator is being moved - move that designator to a new location.

Designator movement will be constrained by the current snap grid, if it is currently too coarse press Ctrl+G and enter a new grid value.

Reposition any designator that is causing a silk to silk violation.

Well done! You have completed the PCB layout and are ready to produce output documentation. Before doing that, let's explore the PCB editor's 3D capabilities.

Viewing Your Board in 3D

A powerful feature of Altium Designer is the ability to view your board as a 3 dimensional object. To switch to 3D, run the View » 3D Layout Mode command , or press the 3 shortcut. The board will display as a 3 dimensional object - the tutorial board is shown below.

You can fluidly zoom the view, rotate it and even travel inside the board using the following controls:

• Zooming - Ctrl + Right-drag mouse, or Ctrl + Roll mouse-wheel, or the PgUp / PgDn keys.
• Panning - Right-drag mouse, or the standard Windows mouse-wheel controls.
• Rotation - Shift + Right-drag mouse. Note how when you press Shift a directional sphere appears at the current cursor position, as shown in the image below. Rotational movement of the model is made about the center of the sphere (position the cursor before pressing Shift to position the sphere) using the following controls. Move the mouse around to highlight and select each one:
  • Right-drag sphere when the Center Dot is highlighted - rotate in any direction.
  • Right-drag sphere when the Horizontal Arrow is highlighted - rotate the view about the Y-axis.
  • Right-drag sphere when the Vertical Arrow is highlighted - rotate the view about the X-axis.
  • Right-drag sphere when the Circle Segment is highlighted - rotate the view about the Z-plane.

Hold Shift to display the 3D view directional sphere, then click and drag the right-mouse button to rotate.

Tips for Working in 3D

• Press L to open the View Configurations dialog when the board is in 3D Layout Mode, where you can configure the 3D workspace display options. There are options to choose various surface and workspace colors, as well as vertical scaling, which is handy for examining the PCB internally. Some surfaces have an opacity setting - the greater the opacity, the less 'light' passes through the surface, which makes objects behind less visible. You can also choose to show 3D bodies or render 3D objects in their (2D) layer color.
• To display the components in 3D, each component needs to have a suitable 3D model.
• You can import a 3D STEP-format model into the component footprint in the Library editor - place a 3D Body Object then select the Generic STEP Model type to embed a STEP model inside that 3D Body Object.
• Check out 3D Content Central for STEP-format component models. 
• If there is no suitable STEP model available, create your own component shape by placing multiple 3D Body Objects in the footprint in the Library editor.

Output Documentation

Now that you've completed the design and layout of the PCB, you're ready to produce the output documentation needed to get the board reviewed, fabricated and assembled.

The ultimate objective is to fabricate and assemble the board.

Output types include PDF 3D, with full zoom, pan and rotate, and the ability to control the display of nets, components and the silkscreen, in Adobe Acrobat Reader®.

Available Output Types

Because a variety of technologies and methods exist in PCB manufacture, the software has the ability to produce numerous output types for different purposes:

Assembly Outputs

• Assembly Drawings - component positions and orientations for each side of the board.
• Pick and Place Files - used by robotic component placement machinery to place components onto the board. Note that the Report Output can also be used to generate Pick and Place files, and is highly configurable.

 

Documentation Outputs

• PCB Prints - configure any number or printouts (pages), with any arrangement of layers and display of primitives, use this to create printed outputs such as assembly drawings.
• PCB 3D Prints - views of the board from a three-dimensional view perspective.
• PCB 3D Video - output a simple video of the board, based on a sequence  of 3D key-frames defined in the PCB editor's PCB 3D Movie Editor panel.
• PDF 3D - generate a 3D PDF view of the board, with full support to zoom, pan and rotate in Adobe Acrobat®. The PDF includes a model tree, giving control over the display of nets, components and the silkscreen. 
• Schematic Prints - schematic drawings used in the design.

Fabrication Outputs

• Composite Drill Drawings - drill positions and sizes (using symbols) for the board in one drawing.
• Drill Drawing/Guides - drill positions and sizes (using symbols) for the board in separate drawings.
• Final Artwork Prints - combines various fabrication outputs together as a single printable output.
• Gerber Files - creates manufacturing information in Gerber format.
• Gerber X2 Files - a new standard that encapsulates a high-level of design information, with backward compatibility to the original Gerber format.
• IPC-2581 File - a new standard that encapsulates a high-level of design information within a single file.
• NC Drill Files - creates manufacturing information for use by numerically controlled drilling machines.
• ODB++ - creates manufacturing information in ODB++ database format.
• Power-Plane Prints - creates internal and split plane drawings.
• Solder/Paste Mask Prints - creates solder mask and paste mask drawings.
• Test Point Report - creates test point output for the design in a variety of formats.

Netlist Outputs

• Netlists describe the logical connectivity between components in the design and is useful for transporting to other electronics design applications. A large variety of netlist formats are supported.

Report Outputs

• Bill of Materials - creates a list of parts and quantities (BOM), in various formats, required to manufacture the board.
• Component Cross Reference Report - creates a list of components, based on the schematic drawing in the design.
• Report Project Hierarchy - creates a list of source documents used in the project.
• Report Single Pin Nets- creates a report listing any nets that only have one connection.
• Simple BOM - creates text and CSV (comma separated variables) files of the BOM.
• Electrical Rules Check - formatted report of the results of running an Electrical Rules Check.

Individual Outputs or an Output Job File

Main article: Preparing Multiple Outputs in an OutputJob

Altium Designer has 2 separate mechanisms for configuring and generating output:

1. Individually - the settings for each output type are stored in the Project file. You selectively generate that output when required, via the commands in the Fabrication Outputs, Assembly Outputs and Export submenus (accessed from the File menu), and the Reports menu.
2. Via an Output Job file - the settings for each output type are stored in an Output Job file, a dedicated output settings document, which supports all possible output types. These outputs can then be generated manually, or as a managed release.

An Output Job file allows you to configure each output type, configure their output naming, format and output location. Output Job files can also be copied from one project to another.

Adding an Output Job to the project:

1. In the Projects panel, right click on the project name and select Add New to Project » Output Job File. A new OutJob will be opened and added to the project.
2. Save the OutJob and name it Multivibrator. It will automatically be saved in the same folder as the project file.
3. To add a new Gerber output, click the  link in the Fabrication Outputs section of the OutJob, and select Gerber » [PCB Document], as shown in the image below. You can select the generic [PCB Document] option if there is only one board in the project, it will automatically be chosen for generation. This also makes the OutJob more easily copied between projects, as this setting will not have to be updated. If there are multiple PCBs in the project you will need to select the specific board.
4. The Gerber output has been added, you will configure it shortly.

Configuring the Gerber Files

Main article: Gerber Setup

• Gerber continues to be the most common form of data transfer between board design and board fabrication, with ODB++ becoming more and more popular.
• Each Gerber file corresponds to one layer of the physical board - the component overlay, top signal layer, bottom signal layer, top solder mask layer, and so on. It is advisable to consult with your board fabricator to confirm their requirements before supplying the output files required to fabricate your design.
• If the board has any holes then an NC Drill file must also be generated, using the same units, resolution, and position on film settings.
• Gerber files are configured in the Gerber Setup dialog, accessed via the PCB Editor's File » Fabrication Outputs » Gerber Files, or by adding a Gerber output into the Fabrication Outputs section of an Output Job, and then double-clicking on it.

Configure the Gerber outputs in the Gerber Setup dialog.

Configuring Gerber generation:

1. In the OutJob, double-click on the Gerber Files output, the Gerber Setup dialog will open, as shown in the image above.
2. Since the board has been design in Metric, set the Units to Millimeters. in the General tab of the dialog.
3. The smallest unit used on the board is 0.25mm for the routing and clearance, but because most of the components have their reference point at their geometric center (and were placed on a 1mm grid), some of their pads will actually be on a 0.01 grid. Set the Format to 4:3 on the General tab, this ensures that the resolution of the output data is more than adequate to cover these grid locations. Note: the NC drill file must always be configured to use the same Units and Format. 
4. Switch to the Layers tab, then click the Plot Layers button and select Used On. Note that mechanical layers may be enabled, these are not normally Gerbered on their own. Instead they are often included if they hold detail that is required on other layers, for example an alignment location marker that is required on every Gerber file. In this case the Mechanical Layer options on the right side of the dialog are used to include that detail with another layer. Disable any mechanical layers that were enabled in the Layers to Plot section of the dialog.
5. Click on the Advanced tab of the dialog. Confirm that the Position on Film option is set to Reference to relative origin. Note: the NC drill file must always be configured to use the same Position on Film option. 
6. Click OK to accept the other default settings and close the Gerber Setup dialog.
7. Now the Gerber settings are configured, the next step is to configure their naming and output location. This is done by mapping them to an Output Container on the right side of the OutJob. For discrete files with their own file format, you use a Folder Structure container, select Folder Structure in the list of Output Containers, then click the radio button for the Gerber Files in the Enabled column of the Outputs to map this output to the selected container, as shown below.

The OutJob configured to generate Gerber, NC Drill and Pick and Place output as discrete files.

8. The last step is to configure the Container, to do this click on the Change link in the container to open the Folder Structure Settings dialog. Across the top are a set of controls which are used to configure if the outputs are Release Managed or Manually Managed, set them to Manually Managed. Explore the other options, the lower part of the dialog will display how the names and folder structure changes as you select different options.  
9. Click the Advanced button at the bottom of the Folder Structure dialog and enabled the Gerber Output in the list of CAMtastic Auto-Load Options. Click OK to close the dialog.
10. To generate the Gerber files, click the Generate Content link in the Container region of the OutJob.
11. The files will be generated and opened in the integrated CAM editor, which can be used for final checking of CAM files before you release them to manufacture. Close the CAM file without saving it.

Configuring the Bill of Materials

Main article: Report Manager

Altium Designer includes a highly configurable BoM generation feature which can generate output in a variety of formats, including: text, CSV, PDF, HTML and Excel. Excel-format BoM's can also have a template applied using one of the pre-defined templates, or one of your own.

• BoM output is configured in the Bill of Materials For Project dialog, accessed via the PCB editor's Reports » Bill of Materials, or by adding a Bill of Materials into the Report Outputs section of an Output Job.
• Down the left of the dialog there is a list of every component attribute, for all components in the design. Enable the checkbox for each attribute you would like to include in the BoM, clear the checkbox for an attribute you wish to remove.
• The default settings for the BoM is to cluster by like components. Clustering is achieved by adding component attributes to the Grouped Columns region of the dialog. Click and drag these attributes out of the Grouped Columns and drop them back in the All Columns region if you prefer every component to be on its own row in the BoM.
• The main grid region of the dialog is the content that is written into the BoM. In this region you can: click and drag to reorder the columns; click on a column heading to sort by that column; ctrl+click to sub-sort by that column; define value-based filters for a column using the small dropdown in each column header; right-click to Force the columns to fit the current dialog width.
• The BoM generator sources its information from the schematic, enable the Include Parameters from PCB option to access PCB information, such as location and side of board (note that this feature can also be used to configure and generate a configurable pick and place file, if required).

The default configuration for a new BoM is to group like components together.

This BoM has been reconfigured to present each component as a unique entry.

Mapping Design Data into the BoM

Design data can be passed from Altium Designer into an Excel Bill Of Materials, by including special statements in the Excel template used to create the BOM.

When creating the Bill of Materials template in Excel, a combination of Fields and Columns can be used to specify the desired layout. Several example templates are provided with Altium Designer, in the \Templates folder of the installation user-files. A list of available fields is detailed below:

Mapping design data into the BoM:

Fields

Fields provide project-level information. These are not usually attached to each item listed in the BOM, but are often used in the header of the document. Fields are used in the format:

Field=FieldName

An example would be Field=Currency

The available fields include:

Currency	DataSourceFileName	DataSourceFullPath
GeneratorDescription	GeneratorName	OutputName
OutputType	ProductionQuantity	ProjectFileName
ProjectFullPath	ReportDate	ReportDateTime
ReportTime	TotalQuantity	Title (title of BoM)
VariantName

Document and Project Parameters

As well as the default Fields listed in the table above, schematic Document Parameters (both default and user-defined in the schematic Document Options dialog) and Project Parameters (Options for PCB Project dialog) can also be used as Fields.

These are entered as:

Field=ParameterName

If the same parameter exists as both a document parameter and a project parameter, the project parameter takes precedence. If the same document parameter exists in multiple documents, the document parameter that is higher up in the heirarchy takes precedence.

Below are the default document parameters, also referred to as the System parameters.

Address1	Address2	Address3
Address4	ApprovedBy	Author
CheckedBy	CompanyName	ConfigurationParameters
CurrentDate	CurrentTime	Date
DocumentFullPathAndName	DocumentName	DocumentNumber
DrawnBy	Engineer	ImagePath
Index	ModifiedDate	Organization
Revision	Rule	SheetNumber
SheetTotal	Time

Columns

Columns provide the information that is supplied on a per-component basis, and would usually appear on each line in the BOM. Columns are defined by entering the column heading, in the format:

Column=ColumnName

An example would be Column=Description, or Column=LibRef

Column information can be taken from several sources, including:

• Default component parameters (such as Designator or Description),
• User-defined parameters added to components,
• PCB data,
• Supplier data.

These are discussed separately below.

Default Parameters

These ColumnNames are available for all components:

Comment	ComponentKind	Description
Designator	DesignItemId	Footprint
LibRef	LogicalDesignator	PartType
PhysicalPath	Quantity	UniqueIdName
UniqueIdPath

PCB Parameters

Pick and Place information can also be included from the PCB. In order to use these columns, the checkbox Include Parameters From PCB must be ticked in the BOM Configuration dialog.

Center-X(Mil)	Center-X(mm)	Center-Y(Mil)
Center-Y(mm)	Layer	Pad-X(Mil)
Pad-X(mm)	Pad-Y(Mil)	Pad-Y(mm)
Ref-X(Mil)	Ref-X(mm)	Ref-Y(Mil)
Ref-Y(mm)	Rotation

Supplier Data

it is possible to retrieve online data from suppliers, and feed that into the BOM. Note that these are updated live, and are retrieved when the BOM is generated. Multiple suppliers can be set up for each component. In the table below, these have been described as Supplier Info x - replace x with the appropriate number.

Manufacturer x	Manufacturer Part Number x	Supplier x
Supplier Currency x	Supplier Order Qty x	Supplier Part Number x
Supplier Stock x	Supplier Subtotal x	Supplier Unit Price x

If you have just edited parameters in the schematic and want to see them in the BoM, save the edited documents and recompile the project before generating the BoM.