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Controlled Depth Drilling (CDD), also known as back drilling, is a technique used to remove the unused portion, or stub, of copper barrel from a thru-hole in a printed circuit board. When a high-speed signal travels between PCB layers through a copper barrel, it can be distorted. If the signal layer usage results in a stub being present and the stub is long, that distortion can become significant.

These stubs can be removed by re-drilling those holes with a slightly larger drill after the fabrication is complete. The holes are back drilled to a controlled depth close to, but not touching, the last layer used by the via. Allowing for fabrication and material variations, a good fabricator can back drill holes to leave a 7mil stub; ideally, the remaining stub will be less than 10mil.

The via is used to connect between the two internal layers, resulting in unused barrel (stubs) above and below.
These stubs can be removed using controlled depth drilling.

To remove the stubs, the via on the left is back drilled from the top side; the via on the right is back drilled from both sides. Note that both vias have some remaining stub.

Most commonly used for vias, and also for press-fit backplane connectors, back drilling provides a cost-effective solution to help manage the signal quality for high-speed signal paths. It offers a lower cost than the sequential lamination technique used for blind and buried vias.

Back drilling is achieved by:

• Defining a Maximum Via Stub Length (Back drilling) design rule which defines the nets of interest, and also the maximum allowable stub length. Note that this stub length is not a drill setting; it is the value the software uses to check for remaining stubs during a batch DRC.
• The depth to which the hole is back drilled is defined by configuring a drill pair that specifies the start and stop layers for back drills. Any copper layers can be defined as start and stop layers for back drills.
• The diameter of the drill used for back drilling is defined by Via/Pad hole size + 2 x Oversize setting in the applicable Maximum Via Stub Length (Back drilling) design rule.
• Connecting net-aware routing objects to a pad or a via to define a pair of layers used to route a signal.

Targeting the Holes to be Back Drilled

Instruct the software that there are holes to be back drilled by adding a Maximum Via Stub Length (Back drilling) design rule. The scope of the design rule defines which vias or pads are to be drilled. Typically you only back drill selective nets, such as the high-speed nets, in which case the scope could be something like InNet('Clock'), or InNetClass('HighSpeedNets').

The scope of the rule defines to which objects this rule must be applied. This rule targets vias in the IO net class.

For example, if the scope is InNetClass('IO'), then all vias and pads in those nets can potentially be back drilled. The holes that are actually back drilled will depend on which layers those signals are routed on, and which back drill pairs have been defined. If a hole has no connections on the layers within the back drill layer range, that hole will be back drilled.

To further limit the back drilling operation, tighten the rule scope. For example, if you only want to back drill the vias and not the thru-hole pads, you could change the rule scope to InNetClass('IO') and IsVia.

Defining the Back Drill Properties

When you back drill a thru-hole barrel, an oversized drill bit is used to remove the unwanted copper.

    
By re-drilling the hole with an oversized drill bit down to a specific depth, the unused portion of the via barrel is removed, improving the integrity of this signal path.

All layer-to-layer drill actions are defined by adding a start layer-stop layer drill definition in the Back Drills tab of the Layer Stack Manager. The tab is not available until the Back Drill feature is enabled in the Layer Stack Manager, select Tools » Features » Back Drills to enable it, or click the  button and choose Back Drills.

Once the feature has been enabled, switch to the Back Drills tab and click the  button to add a new Back Drill definition.

The next step is to configure the layers that are to be back drilled, as described below.

Drill Depth

The back drilling depth is a calculated value, not a number you enter into a dialog. You define the first and last layers and the software calculates the drill depth required to back drill through all layers between the first and last layers, including the first layer thickness, but not the last layer thickness (back drilling stops at that layer). The First layer and Last layer are defined in the Properties panel in Layer Stack Manager mode (with the Back Drills tab selected). There must be defined back drills in the layer stack in order to access the Back Drill region of the Properties panel as shown below.

The hole is drilled up to, but not touching, the last layer specified in the Last layer field. The depth of the drill action is defined by:

Depth = Sum of all layer thicknesses from first layer to last layer - last layer thickness

The layer thicknesses are the values entered into the Layer Stack Manager.

Properties Panel

When the Back Drills tab of the Layer Stack document is active, the Properties panel is used to define the layer-spans that are required to be back drilled.

• Back Drill
  • Name – the name of the back drill.
  • First layer – the first layer the back drill spans.
  • Last layer – the last layer the back drill spans.
  • Mirror – when enabled, a mirror of the current back drill that spans the symmetrical layers in the layer stack is created. This option is available only if the Stack Symmetry option is enabled.
• Board
  • Stack Symmetry – enable to add layers in matching pairs, centered around the mid-dielectric layer. When enabled, the layer stack is immediately checked for symmetry around the central dielectric layer. If any pair of layers that are equidistant from the central dielectric reference layer are not identical, the Stack is not symmetric dialog opens.

• Library Compliance – when enabled, for each layer that has been selected from the Material Library, the current layer properties are checked against the values of that material definition in the library.

• Substack – this information is for the currently selected substack (layers, dielectric, thicknesses, etc.,). As you switch from one substack to another, this information will update accordingly (for the currently selected substack).

• Stack Name – enter the substack name. Naming the substack is useful when the X/Y stackup region is being assigned a layer substack.
• Is Flex – enable if the substack is flex.
• Layers – the number of conductive layers.
• Dielectrics – the number of dielectrics.
• Conductive Thickness – this is the sum of the thicknesses of all signal and plane layers (all copper or conductive layers).
• Dielectric Thickness – the thickness of dielectric layer(s).
• Total Thickness – the total thickness of the finished board.

Drill Size

The drill diameter calculated from:

Back Drill Size = Via/Pad hole size + 2 x Design Rule Backdrill Oversize

Rather than entering a specific drill size for back drilling, define how much larger the back drill is over the original via or pad hole size. The oversize is specified as a radial amount in the design rule, along with any tolerance requirements for the back drilled holes, as shown below.

The size of the drill used for back drilling is the original via or pad hole size, plus twice the Backdrill Oversize specified in the design rule. Note that the Oversize is specified as a radial amount.

Onscreen Display of Back Drilled holes

The display of holes that are back drilled includes an additional two-color ring with the following properties:

• The inner circle is the original via (brown) or pad (green/blue) hole size.
• The two-color ring denotes the first layer color and the last layer color of the back drill.
• The width of the colored arc is the BackDrill OverSize amount defined in the design rule. The outer diameter of the circle defined by the two colored arcs is the actual back drill hole size, which will be listed as a drill size in the Hole Size Editor mode of the PCB panel. 
• The display of the colored ring is dependent on which layer is currently active in the PCB editor. For example, the first image below is with the top layer active and the second image is with the bottom layer active. If the active layer is not back drilled (for example, if the active layer was Mid Layer 2 or Mid layer 3 in the via shown below), then the back drill would not be displayed at all. You would simply see the via hole in brown surrounded by the multi-layer land area.

  
The same via shown on the left with the top layer active, in the center image with the bottom layer active, and in 3D mode on the right.

Checking Back Drilling in the Hole Size Editor

Back drills can also be located and viewed via the Hole Size Editor set the mode in the PCB panel.

In the image below, the 14mil sized back drill has been clicked on in the panel. The display zooms to those back drilled holes, highlighting them with the start and stop layers. Note that there are seven back drilled vias shown in the panel, but only five are shown in the design space. That is because the second and third vias are back drilled from both the top side and the bottom side, and since the top layer is the active layer, those vias are currently shown as a top-side back drill.

Checking for Stubs

The Maximum Via Stub Length (Back drilling) design rule is used for both locating potential back drill sites, and also for testing for remaining stubs.

During a design rule check, all applicable vias and pads are tested for stubs of a length greater than the Max Stub Length configured in the design rule. Note that all pads and vias targeted by Maximum Via Stub Length (Back drilling) design rules are tested, not just those that are back drilled or those that have not been back drilled.

The rule is checking the length of any remaining stub. In the image below, even though the via has been back drilled (in accordance with the defined back drills), the remaining stub is greater than the 7mil allowed by the applicable design rule, so a rule violation is flagged.

A design rule check flags any stub that is greater than the Max Stub Length allowed by the design rule.
This via fails, as the remaining stub is greater than 7mil.

Generating the Outputs

Generating output for back drilling is transparent. If additional drill-type output files are needed, these are automatically generated.

Back drilling is very similar to using blind vias (these also require a first/last layer pair to be defined in the Layer Stack Manager), which specifies the drilling requirements between this pair. The difference is that blind vias are plated, whereas back drilled vias or pads are an unplated drill event. Un-plated holes are essentially a post-fabrication process, i.e. the drilling occurs after the etching, lamination, drilling, and thru-hole plating. 

Back Drill Report

To generate a summary report of all back drill events in the design, right-click in the Unique Holes region of the PCB panel in Hole Size Editor mode then select Backdrill Report from the context menu.

Generate a report of all of the back drill events in the current PCB.

The Report Preview dialog will open. Click the Export button to select the file type, the location in which you want the file located, then enter the file name.

Drill Symbols, the Drill Table and the Drill Drawing

Drill symbols are automatically assigned and can be reconfigured in the Drill Symbols dialog. The symbols are displayed on the Drill Drawing layer in the PCB design space if the Show Drill Symbols option is enabled in the Drill Symbols dialog. The dialog can be accessed by right-clicking in the Unique Holes region of the panel or on the Drill Drawing layer tab, as shown below.

Configure the drill symbol assignments and enable their display in the Drill Symbols dialog.

Because back drilling involves drilling at the same location with different sized drill bits, drill symbols will appear stacked at these locations. Use the layer-pair selector to control which layer pair is currently being displayed, as shown in the images below.

   
Left-click the triangle icon to select which drill pair you want displayed.

A placed drill table can be configured to show all drill layer pairs, or it can be configured to show a specific layer pair. The image below is from a design with back drilling from both the top and bottom sides of the board, so three tables have been placed. Note the Drill Layer Pair column; it indicates the function of each table.

Three drill tables have been placed: the first showing the thru-holes, the second the back drills from the top side, and the third showing the back drills from the bottom side.

NC Drill

For each drill pair defined, NC drill output will produce a unique drill file. Note that it also produces a separate file for each hole-shape type (round, rectangular or slotted).

The drill report file (<ProjectName>.DRR) includes a summary of the drill tool assignments, their sizes, and the role and name of each of the various drill files generated.

The NC Drill Setup dialog includes a Generate separate NC Drill files for plated & non-plated holes option. The NC drill output files always include all drill events. If this option is enabled, the plated and non-plated drill events are instead output into separate files. They are identified by an additional string in their filename in the format <DesignName>-Plated, or <DesignName>-NonPlated.

Back drill events are always output to their own files, each identified by a unique file extension. For example, these could be named <DesignName>-BackDrill.TX3 for the top-side back drill events and <DesignName>-BackDrill.TX4 for the bottom-side back drill events.

The drill report summarizes the assignment of drills to tools, the number of each size, and the drill files they are detailed in.

Gerber X2

Rather than just being a standard for outputting fabrication data for a set of PCB layers (which requires the addition of NC drill files for bare-board fabrication), Gerber X2 outputs all of the data needed to input the design into the fabricator's CAM process. Gerber X2 is configured in the Gerber X2 Setup dialog.

This includes:

• Gerber file function: top copper layer, top solder mask, etc.
• Part: single PCB, panel, etc.
• Object function: SMD pad, via pad, etc.
• Drill tolerances
• Locations of impedance-controlled tracks
• Filled vias

If there are back drilled holes in the design, the Gerber X2 output will automatically include additional drill files with a filename, such as:

<DesignName>_Backdrills_Drill_1_3.gbr

These back drill files include Gerber X2 format instructions, such as:

%TF.FileFunction,NonPlated,1,3,Blind,Drill*%

This line instructs the CAM software to treat the contents of this file as non-plated blind drill events, between signal layers 1 and 3.

Drill sizes are defined using apertures, whose definition is preceded by an instruction that declares them as drill sizes.

%TA.AperFunction,BackDrill*%

ODB++

For ODB++ output, there will be an additional drill folder created for each back drill layer pair defined. These will have names such as \drill1, \drill2. These folders include the standard ODB drill files.

IPC-2581

Support for IPC-2581 will be added in a future update.

Draftsman

Draftsman is an ideal tool for creating high-quality documentation for your design. If there are back drill type layer-pairs defined in the design, the Layer Stack Legend will display these, making it easy to quickly establish their presence.

Place a Layer Stack Legend to display the layer pairs used for back drilling, and drill tables for each layer-pair drill sets.

You can also configure the drill table to show each back drill layer-pair, making it easy to quickly identify the drill sizes and hole count required for back drilling.