Defining the Layer Stack in Altium NEXUS

The PCB is designed and formed as a stack of layers. In the early days of printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing, the board was simply an insulating core layer, clad with a thin layer of copper on one or both sides. Connections are formed in the copper layer(s) as conductive traces by etching away (removing) unwanted copper.

        
A single-sided PCB is shown on the left, typical of early PCB design. On the right is a rigid-flex PCB, where rigid sections are connected via flexible sections of PCB.

Fast forward to today, where almost all PCB designs have multiple copper layers. Technological innovation and refinements in the processing technology have led to a number of revolutionary concepts in PCB fabrication, including the ability to design and manufacture flexible PCBs. By joining rigid sections of PCB together via flexible sections, complex, hybrid PCBs can be designed that can be folded to fit into unusually shaped enclosures.

In printed circuit board design, the layer stack defines how the layers are arranged in the vertical direction, or Z plane. Since it is fabricated as a single entity, any type of board, including a rigid-flex board, must be designed as a single entity. To do this, the designer must be able to define multiple PCB layer stacks and assign different layer stacks to different zones of the rigid-flex design.

The Layer Stack Manager

The definition of the PCB layer stack is a critical element of successful printed circuit board design. No longer just a series of simple copper connections that transfer electrical energy, the routing of many modern PCBs is designed as a series of circuit elements, or transmission lines.

Achieving a successful, high-speed PCB design is a process of balancing the material selection and layer stackup and assignment, against the routing dimensions and clearances required to achieve suitable single-sided and differential routing impedances. There are also numerous other design considerations that come into play when designing a modern, high-speed PCB, including layer-pairing, careful via design, possible back drilling requirements, rigid/flex requirements, copper balancing, layer stack symmetry, and material compliance.

The Layer Stack Manager brings together all of these layer-specific design requirements into a single editor.

To open the Layer Stack Manager select Design » Layer Stack Manager from the main menus. The Layer Stack Manager opens in a document editor in the same way as a schematic sheet, the PCB, and other document types do.

All aspects of layer stack management are performed in the Layer Stack Manager.

As a standard document editor, the Layer Stack Manager (LSM) can be left open while the board is being worked on, allowing you to switch back and forth between the board and the LSM. All of the standard view behaviors, such as splitting the screen or opening on a separate monitor are supported. Note that a Save action must be performed in the Layer Stack Manager before changes are reflected in the PCB.

The functionality is divided over a number of tabs displayed across the bottom of the Layer Stack Manager:

Stackup Tab - add, remove and configure the layer properties of all layers

The Stackup tab details the fabrication layers. Layers are added, removed and configured in this tab. For a rigid-flex design, layers are also enabled and disabled in this tab.

• The properties of the currently selected layer can be edited directly in the grid, or in the Properties panel.
• Right-click in the layer grid, click the  button, or use the Edit » Add Layer commands to add a layer. The new layer will be added next to the layer currently selected in the grid. Adding a Signal or Plane (copper) layer will also add a dielectric layer when an existing adjacent layer is also a copper layer.
• If the Stack Symmetry option is enabled in the Board section of the Properties panel, layers are added in matching pairs, centered around the mid-dielectric layer.
• The layer Material can either be typed into the selected Material cell or selected in the Select Material dialog, which is accessed by clicking the  button.
• Surface Finish can be added to an outer copper layer by using the appropriate right-click sub-menu and adding a Surface Finish layer.
• Internal copper layers include a Copper Orientation option which defines the direction that the copper is bonded to the core (and then etched from). Configure this to ensure the impedance calculations are accurate.
• Copper layers also include an Orientation option. Configure this when a rigid-flex design has an internal/flex layer with components mounted on it, or when the design uses embedded components, to indicate the direction the component is oriented relative to that copper layer.
• The selected layer can be moved up or down within the layers of the same type using either the right-click or Edit menus.
• The Board section of the Properties panel includes options to enforce Stack Symmetry and Library Compliance, which are discussed below.
• The Substack section of the Properties panel displays a summary of the currently selected stack (or substack for a multi-stack rigid/flex design).

► Configuring the Stackup in the Properties panel

A maximum of 32 signal layers and 16 plane layers can be added.

Impedance Tab - configure the Impedance Profile requirements

This tab is used to define impedance profiles, which can then be used with routing design rules.

Impedance calculation support is delivered by the Simbeor^® software.

• Click on the Impedance Tab at the bottom of the Layer Stack Manager to configure the Impedance Profile requirements. Once the impedance profiles have been configured, the required profile can then be selected in the Routing Width or Differential Pairs Routing design rules.
• Click (or the Add Impedance Profile button if no profiles have been added yet) to add a new Impedance Profile, then define the required Type, Target Impedance and Target Tolerance in the Properties panel. The Description is optional.
• The next step is to define which layers the currently selected profile is to be available on. The grid is divided into two zones: the layers in the stackup are displayed on the left, on the right are the layers that the currently selected impedance profile will be available on. Use the layer checkbox in the Impedance Profile region to enable that layer to be available for the selected impedance profile.
• When you select an enabled layer in the Impedance Profile region, all layers in the layer stack are faded, except those being used to calculate the impedance for that selected signal layer (show image).
• Once the layer has an Impedance Profile assigned, edit that layer's reference layer(s) in the Top Ref and Bottom Ref columns. Note that reference layer(s) can be of Type Plane or Signal.
• The impedance calculators support forward and reverse impedance calculations. If you enter the Target Impedance, the Width will change automatically (forward calculation), or enter the Width and the Target Impedance will change automatically (reverse calculation).
• For a differential impedance calculation, lock either the Width or Trace Gap by clicking the appropriate button. The unlocked variable will then be calculated as the Target Impedance value is changed. Alternatively, edit the unlocked variable to change the Target Impedance.
• The Etch Factor = Thickness/[(W1-W2)/2] (hover the cursor over the ? in the panel to display the formula)
• The impedance calculator supports multiple adjacent dielectric layers. These layers can have different dielectric properties.
• The differential impedance calculator supports an asymmetric stripline structure.
• Single and differential coplanar structures are supported by the Simbeor impedance calculator.
• All calculations use a frequency of 2 GHz.
• To improve calculation speeds, impedance profiles are calculated in separate threads (when available).

► Configuring the Impedance profile in the Properties panel

Learn more about Configuring the Layer Stack for Controlled Impedance Routing.

Via Types Tab - define the allowed Z-plane layer-spanning requirements of the vias

The Via Types tab is used to define the allowed Z-plane layer-spanning requirements of the via(s) used in the design. The diameter and hole size (X&Y properties) of the vias placed in the design continue to be controlled by the default preferences if the via is placed manually, or the applicable Routing Style design rule if the via is placed during interactive routing.

• The Layer Stack for a new board includes a single, thruhole via span definition in the Via Types tab of the Layer Stack Manager.  For a two-layer board, the default via is named Thru 1:2, the naming reflecting the via type, and the First and Last layers that the via spans. The default thruhole span cannot be deleted.
• Click the  button to add an additional Via Type, then select the layers that this Via Type spans in the Properties panel. The new definition will have a name of <Type> <FirstLayer>:<LastLayer> (eg, Thru 1:2).
• The software will automatically detect the type (e.g., Thru, Blind, Buried) based on the layers chosen, and name the Via Type accordingly.
• If a µVia is required, enable the µVia checkbox. This option will be only available when the via spans adjacent layers, or adjacent +1 (referred to as a Skip via).
• If the Layer Stack has the Stack Symmetry option enabled, the Mirror option will become available. When Mirror is enabled a mirror of the current via, spanning the symmetrical layers in the layer stack, is automatically created. 
• Vias placed in the workspace include a Name property dropdown, which lists all of the Via Types defined in the Layer Stack Manager. All vias used in the board must be one of the Via Types defined in the Layer Stack Manager.
• When you change layers during interactive routing:
  • The Properties panel will display the applicable Via Type (show image).
  • If multiple Via Types are available to suit the layers being spanned, press the 6 shortcut to cycle through the available Via Types.
  • The proposed Via Type is detailed on the Status bar (show image).

► Configuring the Via Types in the Properties panel

Learn more about Defining the Via Types.

Back Drills Tab - define the layer-spans that are required to be back drilled

In a high-speed design, when the barrel of a via extends beyond the signal layers that the signal is routed on, signal reflections can occur. This can lead to signal degradation and signal integrity issues. One approach used to resolve this is to drill out the unused via barrels using controlled depth drilling, which is a technique also referred to as back drilling.

• Back drill properties are configured in the Back Drills tab, this tab appears when Back Drills are enabled in the Tools » Features sub-menu or by clicking the  button then choosing Back Drills.
• The Back Drills tab is used to define the layer-spans that are required to be back drilled when there is a pad or via stub present. These settings are used in conjunction with the Max Via Stub Length design rule, where the maximum stub length and the drill oversize amount are specified. The Where the Object Matches setting in the rule can be used to restrict stub-removal to specific nets.
• Click the  button to add a new back drill definition. The definition will be named according to the First layer and Last layer selected in the Back Drill section of the Properties panel, for example, BD 1:3. First layer defines the first layer to be drilled, Last layer defines the layer that drilling stops before (Last layer is the first layer in the layer stack that will not be back drilled).
• If the Substack Properties has the Stack Symmetry option enabled in the Properties panel, the Mirror option will become available in the Back Drill section of the panel. When this is enabled, a mirror of the current Back Drill is created, for example, BD 1:3 | 6:4. 

► Configuring the Back Drills in the Properties panel

Learn more about Back-drilling (Controlled Depth Drilling).

Printed Electronics Stackup Tab - configure the layers for a printed design

Using modern printing technology, it is possible to print conductive and non-conductive layers directly onto a substrate material, building up an electronic circuit. This is referred to as printed electronics.

• The layer stack is configured for printed electronics by selecting the Tools » Features » Printed Electronics option. In this mode, all tabs are replaced by the single Printed Electronics Stackup tab.
• Traditional dielectric layers are not used in printed electronics. Instead, local dielectric patches are printed where routing must cross over. When the Printed Electronics option is enabled in the Features drop-down, all dielectric layers are removed from the layer stack and instead, the dielectric patches are defined by placing suitably shaped region objects on non-conductive layers.
• In printed electronics, copper signal layers are referred to as conductive layers, and insulating layers are referred to as non-conductive layers.

► Configuring the Printed Electronics stackup in the Properties panel

Learn more about Support for Printed Electronics

Board Tab - create and configure the substacks in a rigid-flex design

The Board tab is used to configure the different substacks required in a rigid-flex design, The Board tab is automatically displaying when Rigid-Flex mode is enabled.

The Board tab of the Layer Stack Manager is used to:

• Add Substacks. Additional substacks can be quickly created from an existing substack using the Shift+Click shortcut to select the required layers, and then dragging the selection horizontally to position it in the set of substacks.
• Configure the relationships between layers in adjacent Substacks - do they share layers (Common), or are the layers unique in that Substack (Individual).
• Configure if adjacent layers intrude into the neighboring Substack.
• Switch to editing a specific substack - double-click on it in the Board tab to do this.
• Add additional Branches. Branches are used when the design has multiple flex sections radiating from a single rigid section. Learn more about Branches.

The Board tab was introduced as part of the release of Rigid-Flex 2. Rigid-Flex 2 supports design features such as overlapping flexible and rigid board regions, new Board Region and Bending Line behaviors, and the introduction of the Board tab in the Layer Stack Manager. You can switch between Rigid-Flex 1 and Rigid-Flex 2 by configuring the following Advanced Settings options:

• Rigid-Flex 1.0 - disable PCB.RigidFlex2.0 and PCB.RigidFlex.SubstackPlanning
• Rigid-Flex 2.0 - enable PCB.RigidFlex2.0 and PCB.RigidFlex.SubstackPlanning

Learn more about configuring a board for rigid-flex design.

Defining the Layer Stack

The layers you add in the Stackup tab of the Layer Stack Manager are the layers that will be fabricated during the manufacturing process.

Layer properties can be entered directly into the grid, or selected from the Material Library.

The properties of a layer can be edited directly in the grid or in the Properties panel.

Configuring the Layer Properties and Materials

The properties of each layer can be edited directly in the LSM grid, or a pre-defined material can be selected from the Material Library by clicking the ellipsis button () in the Material cell for the selected layer. The Stackup Tab collapsible section earlier on this page summarizes the various techniques available for adding, removing, editing, and ordering the layers.

User-defined property columns can be added and the visibility of all columns configured in the Select columns dialog. To open the dialog, right-click on any column heading in the grid region then choose Select columns from the context menu.

Layer Types and their Properties

There is a large variety of materials used in the fabrication of a printed circuit board. The table in the collapsible section below gives a brief summary of the common materials used.

Summary of layers types and their properties

The selection of layer materials and their properties should always be done in consultation with the board fabricator.

Layer Type	Materials Used	Comments
Signal	Copper	Copper layer used to define signal routing carries the electrical signals and circuit supply current. Typically annealed foil and electro-deposited.
Internal Plane	Copper	Solid copper layer used to distribute power and ground; can be split into regions. Also must specify the distance from the plane edge to the board edge (pullback). Typically annealed foil.
Surface Finish	Varies, including Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold (ENIG), Hot Air Solder Leveling (HASL), Lead-Free (HASL), Immersion Tin, Organic Solderability Preservative (OSP)/Entek, Hard Gold, Immersion Silver	Applied to the exposed outer copper layers. Has two functions: to prevent oxidization of the copper, and provide a good surface for solder adhesion. Different pros and cons for each type of finish, the most popular is ENIG, offering high quality, good solderability and low cost.
Dielectric	Varies, including FR4, polyimide, and a variety of manufacturer-specific materials offering different design parameters	Insulating layer; can be rigid or flexible. Used to define core, prepreg and flexible layers. Important mechanical properties are: including dimensional stability over moisture and temp ranges, tear resistance, and flexibility. Important electrical properties include insulation resistance, dielectric constant (Dk), and dissipation factor (loss tangent, Df or Dj)
Overlay	Screen printed epoxy, LPI (liquid photo-imageable)	Present text/artwork, such as component designators, logos, product name, and so on.
Solder Mask/Coverlay	1) Solder Mask - Liquid photo-imageable solder mask (LPI or LPSM) , Dry Film photo-imageable Solder Mask (DFSM) 2) Coverlay - Adhesive coated flexible film, typically polyimide or polyester.	1) Protective layer that restricts where solder can be applied to the circuit. A cost-effective and proven technology, suitable for rigid and flex use class A (flex-to-install) applications. Suitable for finer features than flexible film coverlay. 2) Suitable for flex use classes A and B (dynamic flex). Requires rounded holes/corners, which are typically drilled or punched.
Paste Mask	Layer from which a paste mask stencil is fabricated. The stencil is typically stainless steel. Openings in the stencil define locations where solder paste is to be applied to the component pads prior to component placement.	Mask layer used to fabricate the solder mask screen, which defines locations where solder paste is to be applied.

Materials Library and Library Compliance

Dialog page: Altium Material Library

Preferred layer stack materials can be pre-defined in the Material Library. In the Layer Stack Manager, select Tools » Material Library to open the Altium Material Library dialog, where existing materials can be reviewed, and new material definitions added.

The material for a specific layer is not selected in the Altium Material Library dialog. To use a specific material for a layer, click the ellipsis () for that layer in the Materials cell of the layer stack grid. This will open the Select Material dialog, which restricts the library to only show materials suitable for the layer that the ellipsis control was clicked.

If the Library Compliance checkbox is enabled in the Layer Stack Manager, then for each layer that has been selected from the Material Library, the current layer properties are checked against the values of that material definition in the library. Any property that is not compliant is marked with an error flag. Re-select the material () to update the values to the Material Library settings.

Layer Stack Symmetry

Dialog page: Stack is not symmetric

If you require the board layer stack to be symmetrical, enable the Stack Symmetry checkbox in the Board region of the Properties panel. When this is done, the layer stack is immediately checked for symmetry around the central dielectric layer. If any pair of layers that are equidistant from the central dielectric reference layer are not identical, the Stack is not symmetric dialog opens.

The upper section of the dialog details all detected conflicts in layer stack symmetry.

Options available to achieve layer stack symmetry

• Mirror top half down - the settings of each of the layers above the central dielectric layer are copied down to the symmetrical partner-layer.
• Mirror bottom half up - the settings of each of the layers below the central dielectric layer are copied up to the symmetrical partner-layer.
• Mirror whole stack down - an additional dielectric layer is inserted after the last copper (Surface Finish) layer, then all of the signal and dielectric layers are replicated and mirrored below this new dielectric layer.
• Mirror whole stack up - an additional dielectric layer is inserted before the first copper (Surface Finish) layer, then all of the signal and dielectric layers are replicated and mirrored above this new dielectric layer.

Layerstack Visualization

An excellent way to verify the layer stack is to visualize it in 3D.

• Select Tools » Layerstack Visualizer in the Layer Stack Manager to open the Layerstack Visualizer.
• Use the controls to configure the presentation of the layer stack.
• Right-click and drag to reorient the board in the visualizer.
• Left-click on the image, then Ctrl+C to copy the image to the Windows clipboard.

Defining and Configuring the Rigid-Flex Substacks

Main article: Rigid-Flex Design

Each separate zone or region of a rigid-flex design can be made up of a different number of layers. To achieve that you need to be able to define multiple stacks, referred to as substacks.

To achieve this:

• Enable the Rigid-Flex option by selecting Tools » Features » Rigid/Flex, or click the  button and then select Rigid/Flex.
• If Rigid-Flex 2 is enabled, the display will switch to show the Board tab, as shown below. (If you are working in Rigid-Flex 1 mode, refer to the previous version of this page for the correct documentation)
• Board mode is used to configure the different substacks required in the rigid-flex design. There must be a unique substack defined for each unique set of layers needed in the rigid and flex regions of the overall board.
• Additional substacks can be quickly created from an existing substack using the Shift+Click shortcut to select the required layers, and then dragging the selection horizontally to position it in the set of substacks.
• Configure the relationships between layers in adjacent Substacks - do they share layers (Common), or are the layers unique in that Substack (Individual).
• Configure if adjacent layers intrude into the neighboring Substack.
• Switch to editing a specific substack - double-click on it in the Board tab to do this.
• Add additional Branches. Branches are used when the design has multiple flex sections radiating from a single rigid section.
• Flex-specific bikini coverlay layers can only be added in a Substack that has the Is Flex option enabled and does not include a Soldermask layer.

Other Layer-related Design Tasks

The layers in the layer stack form the space on which you build up the design. There are a number of design tasks that are related to the layers that are not performed in the Layer Stack Manager. These tasks are summarized below, with links to more information.

Defining the Board Shape

Main Article: Board Shape object, Board Region object, Bending Line object

Where the layer stack defines the board in the Z-plane, the Board Shape defines the board in the X and Y planes. Also referred to as the board outline, the board shape is a closed polygonal shape that defines the overall extent of the board. The Board Shape can be made up of a single Board Region (for a traditional rigid PCB), or multiple board regions (for a rigid-flex PCB).

The Board Shape can be:

• Defined manually - by redefining the existing shape, or placing one or more new board regions in Board Planning mode.
• Defined from selected objects - typically done from an outline on a mechanical layer. Use this option if an outline has been imported from another design tool.
• Defined from a 3D body - use this option if the blank board has been imported as a STEP model from an MCAD tool into a 3D Body Object (Place » 3D Body).
• Pulled directly from an MCAD package - Altium is developing direct ECAD - MCAD design technology, called Altium CoDesigner. Learn more about ECAD-MCAD CoDesign.

Assigning a Net to a Plane Layer

Panel page: Split Plane Editor
Related page: Using Internal Power and Split Planes

Assign a net to a plane layer, or a net to a split plane region, in the Split Plane Editor mode of the PCB panel.

The panel lists all plane layers. When a layer is selected in the Layers section, the section below will list all of the split plane zones on that layer (there will only be one if the plane is continuous with no splits defined). Double-click on a split plane zone to open the Split Plane dialog, where you can assign a net. You can also double-click on the layer in the workspace (when the plane layer is the active layer) to open the dialog.

Configuring the Layer Stack for Components Mounted on an Internal Signal Layer

Related article: Embedded Components

There are two situations where components can be mounted on an internal signal layer:

1. when there are embedded components, or
2. when there are components mounted on a flex region of a rigid-flex board, and that flex layer extends from a mid-layer in the rigid section of the board.

The software needs to know which way components are oriented for each layer they are mounted on so that it knows when the component primitives must be mirrored. For the Top and Bottom Layers, this is configured automatically; for other layers, the setting is configured by the designer. 

A component embedded on an internal signal layer (the component has been highlighted with blue outlines, the cavity with orange outlines).

• Component orientation is configured for a layer in the Orientation column of the Stackup tab of the Layer Stack Manager.
• If the Orientation column is not visible, enable it by right-clicking on an existing heading in the layers grid then selecting Select columns from the context menu.
• The components on a layer can either point upwards (Top) or downwards (Bottom).

Documenting the Layer Stack

Object page: Layer Stack Table

Documentation is a key part of the design process and is particularly important for designs with a complex layer stack structure, such as a rigid-flex design. To support this, Altium NEXUS includes a Layer Stack Table, which is placed (Place » Layer Stack Table) and positioned alongside the board design in the workspace. The information in the layer stack table comes from the Layer Stack Manager.

Include a Layer Stack Table to document the design.

• To place a Layer Stack Table, select Place » Layer Stack Table.
• The Layer Stack Table details the:
  • Layers used in the design
  • Material used for each layer
  • Thickness of each layer (and optionally the total board thickness).
  • The Dielectric Constant
  • The name of each stack and the layers used in that stack
• Double-click anywhere on the placed table to open the Properties panel in Layer Stack Table mode.
• The Layer Stack Table can also include an optional outline of the board showing how the various layer stacks are assigned to regions of the board. Use the Show Board Map option and slider bar to configure the map settings.

Including a Drill Table

Object page: Drill Table

Altium NEXUS includes an intelligent Drill Table that is placed like any other design object. The table can either display the drills required for all layer pairs (composite), or a specific layer pair. Place a drill table for each layer pair used in the design if you prefer separate drill information for each layer pair.

High Quality, Flexible Design Documentation

Main article: Draftsman

Altium NEXUS also provides a dedicated documentation editor - Draftsman. Draftsman has been built from the ground up as an environment for creating high-quality documentation that can include dimensions, notes, layers stack tables, and drill tables. Based on a dedicated file format and set of drawing tools, Draftsman provides an interactive approach to bringing together fabrication and assembly drawings with custom templates, annotations, dimensions, callouts, and notes.

Draftsman also supports more advanced drawing features including a Board Isometric View, a Board Detail View, and a Board Realistic View (3D view).

Place drawing views, objects and automated annotations on single or multi-page Draftsman documents.

► Learn more about Draftsman