对现有布线进行修线和回溯

Parent page: The Routing

Routing a printed circuit board is a detailed, iterative process. Rarely are you able to simply route, or ActiveRoute, all of the nets in a single pass. More often you will be routing a set of nets and as you move on to the next set of nets, you are continually adjusting and moving existing routes, perhaps manually dragging them, or perhaps pushing and shoving them as you interactively route more nets.

The end result is that your finished routing can end up looking like it was autorouted, with lots of unnecessary jigs and corners.

Improving the Routing

To help produce neat routing with the minimum number of corners, the PCB editor also includes a Glossing tool. Glossing is a sophisticated set of algorithms developed specifically to produce cleaner routing and pad entries, that respect the intent of the applicable design rules. Glossing attempts to reduce the path length and also improve the shape of corners and reduce their number, generally resulting in neater routing created from fewer segments. Glossing also leaves sub-net jumpers as they were, and when there are room-based width rules, width changes at the boundary are respected. As you move the cursor around as you define a new interactive route path, all of the yet-to-be committed routing is also automatically glossed.

The Glossing engine also includes a Retrace Selected command. Use this when you need to update selected routes to the changes you have made to settings in the routing rules. With Retrace you can "fatten up" that existing power routing, or update that differential pair to new width and gap settings.

• Glossing focuses on improving the trace geometry, where Retrace assumes the overall geometry is satisfactory, focusing instead on satisfying the design rules.

• Glossing preserves the existing trace width and differential pair gap, while Retrace changes them to Preferred.

• Glossing runs whenever ActiveRoute finishes, if the Gloss Results option is enabled in the PCB ActiveRoute panel.

• Glossing also runs during interactive routing, on all track segments that are yet to be committed (all segments placed since the Interactive Routing command was launched and you started routing a net).

Summary of Glossing Behavior

To summarize:

• Flexible approaches to selection can be used, supporting partial glossing of a routed net:
  • To gloss only a section of a routed net you can select a track segment at either end of the section or select a pin or a via to signify the end of the desired section.
• Glossing attempts to repair dangerous pad entries:
  • Gloss does not automatically comply with the SMT rules (SMD Entry & SMD To Corner) if it detects that they are encouraging unnecessary jogs and circuitous routing.
  • If SMT rules rules are present the gloss engine tries to recognize dangerous situations, such as the potential for solder bridging, and adjusts its behavior based on these rules.
  • For this to occur, the Corner option must be disabled in the SMD Entry rule, and the SMD To Corner rule must have a suitable setting.
  • Rule deviations: Gloss will keep the track segment orthogonal with the pad edge being exited from, but will not necessarily keep it centered within that edge. Gloss will also allow the track segment to exit from the side of the pad if the SMD to Corner distance and other applicable rules can be satisfied.
• Glossing differential pairs:
  • When applied to differential pair routes, Gloss attempts to zip-up the pair, reducing the lengths of the unzipped portions. The corresponding unzipped portions from opposite sides are made equal in length, if possible, but Gloss does NOT add meanders to the shorter side of the pair. If length balancing is not achieved naturally, the pair is left unbalanced.
  • Particular attention is applied to differential pair pad entries to improve their quality, but Gloss does not attempt to match the lengths of the entry routes.
  • Where differential pair routes cross a room boundary and change width, Gloss gives preference to synchronous width change of the pair members. This means it does not change the width/gap of both routes right on the boundary, instead it focuses on keeping the pair matched, so when a width change occurs, it happens to both segments at the same time. So if the routing enters the room at an angle, one route in the pair will change width on the room boundary, and the second route in the pair will change width at a location adjacent to the first route. (show image)
• Support for Subnet Jumpers:
  • Gloss treats Subnet Jumper tracks as fixed.
• Support for room-based rules:
  • Gloss adheres to Clearance and Diff Pair Routing rules scoped to rooms.
  • Gloss allows the route to change width as it enters a room; it will attempt to preserve the original widths used both outside and within the room.
  • If there is a width change at a room boundary, Gloss will maintain the width change.
• Exclusions:
  • To exclude routes from glossing or retracing, lock the track segments.
  • Tracks at non-45 degree angle increments are not glossed; it is assumed these have been placed intentionally to satisfy a design requirement.
• Feedback:
  • Command and progress information is displayed on the Status bar.
  • Info and Warning messages are displayed in the Messages panel. Details are in the Information and Warnings section below.

Selecting the Routes to be Glossed or Retraced

One of the great challenges with interactive software tools is interfacing those tools to the designer's fingertips so they can easily and fluidly move between the various tasks, such as creating, reshaping and cleaning the routing. For this to happen, it must be easy to select the routes of interest.

To select a routed net (or nets) for glossing or retrace:

• Click to select an object anywhere along the route then press Tab to extend that selection to all connected track segments on the layer(s) on which the original object is present. A second press of the Tab key will extend the selection to all connected objects on that net, on all used layers. If there are other sections of the net that are not directly connected to the currently selected objects, a third press of the Tab key will extend the selection to include all objects in that net. The next press of Tab will revert back to the original selection set.
• Click+Drag to select a rectangle, from right to left, to invoke the (green) select touching rectangle mode to quickly select a track segment in multiple nets then use the Tab key to select all connected tracks on that layer for all of the nets you have selected.
• To gloss only a section of a routed net, select a track segment at either end of the section then run the Gloss command. Only the routing between (and including) the selected segments will be glossed.

Select Within or Select Touching?

In the PCB editor, selection can either be objects that are within the selection rectangle or touching the selection rectangle. This is controlled by the direction you move the mouse as you draw the selection rectangle:

	Select Within - click and drag a blue rectangle from left to right to select all visible, unlocked objects that are completely within the selection rectangle.
	Select Touching - click and drag a green rectangle from right to left to select all visible, unlocked objects that touch the selection rectangle.

Techniques to select connections or existing routes

To Select	Use Mouse + Keys	Outcome
Existing Routes		All unlocked track segments that are touched by the green selection rectangle are selected. Use the Tab key to select additional track segments in those nets.
Routes under a component		All unlocked track segments that are touched by the green selection rectangle are selected. Without Shift, the click and drag can be interpreted as Move Object; if it is the component above the routes will move. The component will also be selected, however when you press Tab to select connected track segments, the component will be deselected. Alternatively, use the Selection Filter in the Properties panel to disable the selection of large objects, such as components and polygons.
Component pads		All unlocked component pads that are touched by the green selection rectangle are selected.
Other objects in the net		First press of Tab adds other objects on a layer(s) that the selected object touches. Second press of Tab adds all same-net objects on other layers. Continue to press Tab to cycle through the available selection states.
Additional routes	+ combinations shown above	Retain current selection as additional objects are selected.

Preparing for Glossing

Glossing runs during Interactive Routing; when ActiveRoute completes (if the Gloss Results option is enabled); or as a manually-run pass on the selected routing, obeying the current settings configured in the Interactive Routing page of the Preferences dialog. As well as selecting the routing to be glossed, there are also a number of options that control glossing behavior.

Options that Control Glossing Behavior

Routing Gloss Effort

How strongly a route is glossed is controlled by the current Routing Gloss Effort setting. Configure the option in the Interactive Routing page of the Preferences dialog, or use the Ctrl+Shift+G shortcuts to cycle through the three modes. The current setting is displayed on the Status bar. (show image)

• Off - In this mode, glossing is essentially disabled. Note, however, that cleanup is still run after routing/dragging occurs to eliminate, for example, overlapping track segments. This mode is typically useful at the end stage of board layout when the ultimate level of fine-tuning is required (for example, when manually dragging tracks, cleaning pad entries, etc.).
• Weak - In this mode, a low level of glossing is applied with the Interactive Router considering only those tracks directly connected to or in the area of the tracks that you are currently routing (or tracks/vias being dragged). This mode of glossing is typically useful for fine-tuning track layout or when dealing with critical traces.
• Strong - In this mode, a high level of glossing is applied, with a strong emphasis on the shortest path. This mode of glossing is typically useful in the early stages of the layout process when the aim is to get a large portion of the board routed quickly.

Hugging Style

This option controls how corner shapes are to be managed during glossing. Glossing applies to all track segments that are impacted by the current editing action, so can also affect surrounding tracks. For example, during interactive routing or interactive sliding in push mode both the tracks being slid and the tracks being pushed will be glossed, according to the current Hugging Style setting.

• 45 Degree - always use straight orthogonal/diagonal segments to create corners (use this mode for traditional orthogonal/diagonal routing behavior).
• Mixed - use straight track segments when the objects being moved/pushed against are straight, use arcs when they are curved.
• Rounded - use arcs at each vertex being glossed. Use this mode for snake routing, and to use arcs + any angle routes when glossing (during interactive routing and manual glossing).

Minimum Arc Ratio

The Minimum Arc Ratio is applied during any angle interactive routing and also during interactive sliding with Mixed Hugging Style. The ratio is used to determine the minimum radius arc allowed, when the arc radius falls below this minimum the arc is replaced by track segments, where:

Min Arc Radius = Min Arc Ratio x Arc Width

Miter Ratio

The Miter Ratio controls the minimum corner tightness. The Miter Ratio multiplied by the current track width equals the separation between walls of the tightest U-shape that can be routed for that ratio, as shown below. Enter a positive value equal to or greater than zero.

Pad Entry Stability

The Pad Entry Stability slider protects centered pad entries. It applies during glossing to protect an already-centered pad entry (exit), it does not attempt to re-center an existing off-center pad entry.

• 0 (Off) = no protection
• 10 (Max) = maximum protection

Demonstration of the Pad Entry Stability feature.

Performing a Gloss

The glossing tool is run:

• On selected routing - by choosing the Route » Gloss Selected command from the menus or pressing the Ctrl+Alt+G keyboard shortcuts.
• After ActiveRoute - by enabling the Gloss Results option in the PCB ActiveRoute panel.
• During Interactive Routing - in accordance with the current gloss settings, defined in the Preferences dialog or the Interactive Routing mode of the Properties panel.
• During Interactive Sliding - in accordance with the current gloss settings, defined in the Preferences dialog or the Interactive Sliding mode of the Properties panel.

Retrace your Routes

The Glossing engine includes a second command for improving existing routes, which is Route » Retrace Selected. Where Glossing attempts to shorten the overall route length and reduce the number of corners, Retrace re-applies the preferred width and clearance requirements to an existing route. Using Retrace, you can easily decrease or increase the routed width of a selected set of nets, or even the width and gap of differential pairs.

Retrace works exactly as its name implies, running along the selected routes, updating them to the current rule specifications. Because it does this on an individual net or pair level, it will attempt to maintain clearances, but is not able to push surrounding routes if more room is required. In this situation, the rule updates are applied only to those route segments that do not create a violation.

Access

The retrace tool can be accessed in the PCB Editor by:

• Choosing the Route » Retrace Selected command from the main menus.

Retrace Behavior

To summarize:

• Retrace is similar to Gloss (and uses the same engine internally). The differences are:
  • Gloss preserves the width; Retrace changes it to the Preferred value.
  • Gloss produces the shortest possible result, often radically deviating from the original; Retrace approximately follows the original.
• Use the same selection principles as Gloss to select the routes to be Retraced.
• Use Retrace to update the selection and apply the applicable preferred Width rule.
• Modifies selected routes as needed to avoid poor quality corners and pad entries while preserving the general route geometry.
• Use Retrace to update the diff pair gap:
  • Will update the zipped portion of the pair (where the sides are at Max Gap or less from each other), changing the gap to Preferred.
  • To reduce the gap in a routed pair, change the Diff Pair Routing rule so that the Preferred Gap is the desired gap, and the Max Gap is the old Preferred Gap value, then run Retrace. Caveat: Retrace does not handle an unreasonably large Max Gap.
  • Retrace can also be used to increase the gap in a routed pair; set the Preferred Gap in the Diff Pair Routing rule to the required value.
  • Note: if the new Preferred settings are larger than the current width/gap, Retrace may fail to reach its goal without creating violations. In such cases it will use smaller values to avoid creating violations. No pushing of obstructions is performed.
• Exclusions:
  • Retrace requires both ends of the selected routing to connect to a pad or via, it does not work on dangling routes.
• Feedback:
  • Command and progress information is displayed on the Status bar.
  • Info and Warning messages are displayed in the Messages panel. Details are in the Information and Warnings section below.

Information and Warning Messages